A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš‘arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation: Inclusive Minorities, Exclusive Majorities

Contents
Transliteration and Dating
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	1 The Importance of the Subject
	2 The State of the Field
		2.1 Rifat Atay
		2.2 Mohammad H. Khalil
		2.3 Esra A. Dag
	3 Critical Evaluation and Objectives of the Monograph
	4 Methodology (from Theology of Religions to Comparative Theology)
	5 Methodical Concerns
		5.1 Important Qualifications and Limitations
		5.2 Periodization and Structure
		5.3 Overview of the Monograph
Part 1: Salvation in Early Catholicism and Early Ašʿarism
1. The Early Catholic Theology of Salvation
	1 The Salvation Epistemology of the Early Church Fathers
		1.1 St. Paul (d. c. 64/67)
		1.2 The Inclusivist School
			1.2.1 Justin Martyr (d. 165)
			1.2.2 Irenaeus (d. c. 180/90)
			1.2.3 Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215)
			1.2.4 Origen (d. c. 253)
		1.3 The Exclusivist School
			1.3.1 Ignatius (d. c. 117)
			1.3.2 Tertullian (d. c. 240)
			1.3.3 Cyprian (d. 258)
		1.4 Augustine and the Consolidation of Exclusivism
	2 Soteriology of the Early Church Fathers
		2.1 The Apokatastasis
		2.2 Christ’s Descent into Hell
2. Early Ašʿarite Theology of Salvation (Hadith-Based Theology)
	1 Early Ašʿarite Epistemology of Intra-Muslim Salvation
	2 Early Ašʿarite Intra-Muslim Soteriology
	3 Early Ašʿarite Epistemology of Inter-Religious Salvation
	4 Early Ašʿarite Inter-Religious Soteriology
	5 Early Ašʿarites and the Question of Intercession
	6 Conclusion and Comparison
Part 2. Salvation in Mediaeval Catholicism and Mediaeval Ašʿarism
3. St. Thomas Aquinas’ Theology of Salvation
	1 Aquinas’ Epistemology of Salvation
	2 Aquinas’ Soteriology
	3 Thomistic Influence on Later Theologians
4. Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī’s Theology of Salvation (Sunnah-Based Theology)
	1 Al-Ġazālī’s Theology of Intra-Muslim Salvation
	2 Al-Ġazālī’s Theology of Inter-Religious Salvation
		2.1 Al-Ġazālī and the Question of Intercession
		2.2 Can Non-Muslims Be Called Muʾminūn “Believers”?
		2.3 Good Deeds vs. Correct Faith
	3 The Ašʿarite Theology of Salvation after al-Ġazālī
	4 Conclusion and Comparison
Part 3. Salvation in Modern Catholicism and Modern Ašʿarism (Vatican vs. Al-Azhar)
5. Salvation in Modern Catholicism (Massignon, Rahner and Vatican II)
	1 The Impact of Massignon’s Theology of Religions on Vatican II
		1.1 Massignon the Person and Islam
		1.2 Massignon the Scholar and Islam
		1.3 Massignon and Vatican II
	2 Karl Rahner and Anonymous Christians
		2.1 Rahner’s Context and Theory
		2.2 Is There an Islamic Parallel to Rahner’s Theory?
			2.2.1 The Receptive Interpretation
			2.2.2 The Proactive Interpretation
			2.2.3 The Conflictive Interpretation
			2.2.4 Critical Evaluation
6. Modern Ašʿarite Theology of Salvation (Al-Azhar and the Quran-Based Theology)
	1 Muhammad ʿAbduh’s Theology of Salvation
		1.1 ʿAbduh’s Theology of Intra-Muslim Salvation
		1.2 ʿAbduh’s Theology of Inter-Religious Salvation
			1.2.1 ʿAbduh and the Question of Intercession
			1.2.2 Concluding Remarks
	2 Sh. Maḥmūd Šaltūt and the Question of Salvation
		2.1 Šaltūt’s Theology of Intra- and Inter-religious Salvation
	3 Sh. ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd’s Theology of Salvation
		3.1 Ḥalīm’s Theology of Muslim Denominations
		3.2 Ḥalīm’s Theology of Religions
		3.3 Comparison and Conclusion
Conclusions and Recommendations
	The Way Forward
Glossary of Key Terms
Citation Method and Abbreviated Arabic Titles
Bibliography
	Arabic Sources
	English Sources
	Online Sources
Index of Persons