A Companion to International History 1900-2001 (Blackwell Companions to History)

A Companion to International History 1900-2001 (2007)
......Page 1
BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO HISTORY......Page 3
ISBN: 9781405125741......Page 5
--> Contents......Page 6
Notes on Contributors......Page 10
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 15
Maps......Page 16
Introduction......Page 24
INTRODUCTION - Twentieth-Century International History: The Changing Face of Empire......Page 26
Part I - Undertones......Page 34
Empires in the Early Twentieth Century......Page 36
Loss of Equilibrium in the International Imperial Order......Page 38
Imperialism and the First World War......Page 41
The Interwar Years......Page 42
The Second World War......Page 43
Decolonization......Page 44
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 47
CHAPTER TWO - Nationalism......Page 49
The Nation Defined: Nature......Page 50
The Nation Defined: Culture and History......Page 51
The Nation Defined: Myth......Page 53
The Nation before the Nation......Page 54
The Nineteenth-Century Nation......Page 55
The Anti-Nation: Socialism......Page 56
The Case of the Jews......Page 57
The Post-1945 Nation......Page 58
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 60
CHAPTER THREE - Internationalism......Page 62
Pre-1914 Forms of International Organization......Page 63
The League of Nations......Page 64
The United Nations......Page 67
Internationalist Ideals Beyond the State......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 72
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 73
CHAPTER FOUR - A Shrinking World......Page 75
Communications......Page 76
Travel......Page 81
NOTES......Page 86
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 87
A Changing World......Page 88
The Administrative Response......Page 91
The End of Diplomacy?......Page 99
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 100
Part II - The First World War and Its Consequences......Page 102
The Beginnings of the Bismarckian System......Page 104
The Formation of the Triple Alliance......Page 106
The Alliance System after Bismarck......Page 110
The Alliance and the Prewar Crises......Page 111
Conclusion......Page 113
NOTES......Page 115
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 116
CHAPTER SEVEN - The Ententes, 1894–1914......Page 117
NOTES......Page 125
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 126
I......Page 128
II......Page 132
III......Page 138
NOTES......Page 139
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 140
CHAPTER NINE - Wartime Promises and Postwar Europe......Page 141
Britain......Page 142
France......Page 147
The Central Powers......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 151
NOTES......Page 152
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 153
The Middle East......Page 154
Africa......Page 159
The Far East......Page 161
Conclusion......Page 163
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 164
Wilson and the New World Order......Page 166
Lenin and the New World Order......Page 169
Competing Visions, Public Reactions......Page 172
Conclusion......Page 174
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 175
CHAPTER TWELVE - The Versailles System......Page 177
Reparations......Page 179
War Crimes......Page 180
Arms Control Regimes......Page 181
Territorial Issues......Page 184
Conclusion......Page 186
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 187
CHAPTER THIRTEEN - The Legacy of the First World War......Page 189
A New Approach to Diplomacy?......Page 190
The League and Anglo-French Relations......Page 191
The German Question......Page 193
Minorities......Page 195
Early Challenges......Page 196
NOTES......Page 199
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 200
Part III - The Coming of the Second World War......Page 202
CHAPTER FOURTEEN - Why International Finance Mattered: 1919–1939......Page 204
The British-Led Revival of Liberal Internationalism......Page 205
Liberal Internationalism: A Source of Global Instability......Page 207
International Finance and the Undermining of French Security Interests......Page 209
The Ineffectualness of Financial Diplomacy......Page 211
International Finance and the Collapse of Allied Solidarity......Page 214
NOTES......Page 215
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 216
CHAPTER FIFTEEN - The Far Eastern Crisis and the Balance of Power, 1920–1941......Page 218
NOTES......Page 226
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 227
CHAPTER SIXTEEN - The Challenge to Empire in the Middle East and Asia......Page 230
Nationalism and Non-Cooperation in South Asia......Page 232
European Empire and Nationalism in the Middle East......Page 234
Popular Resistance to European Colonialism in the Arab Middle East......Page 235
Nationalism, Communism, and Rebellion in French Indochina......Page 238
Nationalism, Popular Protest, and European Empire......Page 240
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 241
The Signifi cance of the Italo-Ethiopian War: An Overview......Page 243
The Survival of Ethiopian Independence......Page 245
The Dynamics ofFascist Colonialism......Page 247
The Reaction of the Status Quo......Page 250
Conclusion......Page 253
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 254
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN - The Challenge in Europe,1935–1941......Page 256
The Challenge from Germany......Page 257
The Challenge from Italy......Page 259
The Challenge in Eastern Europe......Page 260
The Status Quo Powers......Page 261
The Challenges Succeed......Page 263
NOTES......Page 264
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 265
The Foundations of British Foreign Policy during the Interwar Years......Page 266
The Reaction to Hitler......Page 267
A General European Settlement......Page 268
Neville Chamberlain and British Foreign Policy......Page 270
Chamberlain, Eden, and the Proposed General Settlement of March 1938......Page 271
The Anschluss and the Munich Crisis......Page 273
The End of Appeasement......Page 275
NOTES......Page 277
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 278
International Relations and the “Revolution from Above”......Page 280
National Socialism and Collective Security......Page 282
The Munich Crisis and the Nazi–Soviet Pact......Page 284
The Icebreaker Controversy and Soviet Intentions in 1941......Page 286
NOTES......Page 289
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 290
The Challenge Unfolds......Page 292
Initial Confrontations......Page 294
Lend-Lease: The Crucial Decision......Page 295
Military Confrontation Begins......Page 296
The Degree of Roosevelt’s Commitment......Page 298
America Faces Japan......Page 299
The Consequences of the Tripartite Pact......Page 300
Last-Minute Peace Efforts......Page 301
NOTES......Page 302
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 303
Part IV - From Grand Alliance to Cold War......Page 306
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO - The Grand Alliance, 1941–1945......Page 308
The Second Front......Page 310
Operation TORCH......Page 312
The Teheran Conference......Page 315
Planning for Postwar: Poland and Percentages......Page 317
NOTES......Page 319
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 321
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE - A Bipolar World......Page 322
Differences between the Western and Eastern Blocs......Page 323
The Emergence of the Bipolar World, 1944–1950......Page 326
The Globalization of the Bipolar System, 1950–1963......Page 327
The Relaxation of Bipolarity, 1963–1979......Page 329
The Bipolar System under Stress, 1979–1984......Page 331
NOTES......Page 333
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 335
The Emerging Third World in the 1950s: A Question of Leadership?......Page 337
The Third World Institutionalized: The Non-Aligned Movement......Page 342
Conferences of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement, 1961–2003......Page 343
The Third World at the United Nations: UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order......Page 345
The Third World and the End of the Cold War......Page 347
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 348
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE - Making the New Europe: European Integration since 1950......Page 350
The Causes of Integration......Page 352
The Mechanisms of Integration......Page 355
Deepening and Widening......Page 357
NOTES......Page 360
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 361
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX - The Making of Modern Southeast Asia in the Age of Decolonization and the Cold War......Page 363
The Impact of the Second World War......Page 364
Decolonization in Southeast Asia, 1945–1950......Page 365
The Indochina War......Page 367
Indochinese Climacteric......Page 368
The New Asia in and after 1955......Page 370
Vietnam Codicil......Page 372
Conclusion: Southeast Asia Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow......Page 374
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 375
The Erosion of British Paramountcy, 1945–1956......Page 377
America Intervenes, Britain Retreats: 1957–1968......Page 380
The Nixon Doctrine, 1969–1979......Page 383
The Carter Doctrine to the Kuwait War, 1980–1991......Page 385
NOTES......Page 387
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 388
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT - The Sino-Soviet Alliance......Page 389
Mao’s Talks with Stalin......Page 390
Sino-Soviet Relations and the Korean War......Page 391
Dynamism and Tensions......Page 392
The First Violin......Page 394
Change of Guard......Page 396
Containment and Crisis......Page 397
Conclusion......Page 399
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 400
Part V - A New World Order?......Page 402
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE - The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War......Page 404
Chernobyl......Page 406
Nationalities......Page 407
Radicalism and Conservatism, 1989–1990......Page 408
Ending the Cold War......Page 409
The Baltics......Page 412
The Union Treaty......Page 413
Explanations for the Collapse of the Soviet Union......Page 414
NOTES......Page 415
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 416
CHAPTER THIRTY - War and Peace in the Global Community, 1989–2001......Page 417
President George H. W. Bush......Page 419
President Bill Clinton......Page 422
War and Peace......Page 425
Conclusion......Page 427
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 428
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE - Globalization......Page 431
The First Modern Era of Globalization......Page 433
Deglobalization?......Page 434
Globalization Revitalized......Page 437
Globalization Backlash?......Page 440
Backlash?......Page 441
NOTES......Page 443
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 444
Approaching Terrorism......Page 445
Terrorist Groups and Strategies – Old and New......Page 447
First Steps in the War on Terrorism......Page 450
A Doctrine of Preventive Warfare......Page 452
Operation Iraqi Freedom......Page 453
Conclusion: Terrorism and International Relations since 9/11......Page 455
NOTES......Page 456
GUIDE TO FURTHER READING......Page 458
INTERNET RESOURCES......Page 459
Bibliography......Page 460
Index......Page 482