A child's world : infancy through adolescence

Preface
Chapter 1 Studying a Child's World
	The Study of Child Development: Then and Now
		Early Approaches
		Developmental Psychology Becomes a Science
		Studying the Life Span
		New Frontiers
	The Study of Child Development: Basic Concepts
		Domains of Development
		Periods of Development
	Influences on Development
		Heredity, Environment, and Maturation
		Contexts of Development
	1.1 Around the World Children of Immigrant Families
		Normative and Nonnormative Influences
	1.2 The Everyday World Studying the Life Course: Growing Up in Hard Times
		Timing of Influences: Critical or Sensitive Periods
	An Emerging Consensus
	1.3 The Research World Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
	summary and key terms
Chapter 2 A Child's World: How We Discover It
	Basic Theoretical Issues
		Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive?
		Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
	Theoretical Perspectives
		Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic
		Perspective 2: Learning
		Perspective 3: Cognitive
		Perspective 4: Contextual
		Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological
		A Shifting Balance
	2.1 The Research World The Adaptive Value of Immaturity
	Research Methods
		Quantitative and Qualitative Research
		Sampling
		Forms of Data Collection
		Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research
		Basic Research Designs
	2.2 Around the World Purposes of Cross-Cultural Research
		Developmental Research Designs
		Collaborative Research
	Ethics of Research
		Right to Informed Consent
		Avoidance of Deception
		Right to Self-Esteem
		Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
	summary and key terms
Chapter 3 Forming a New Life: Conception, Heredity, and Environment
	Conceiving a New Life
		Changing Theories of Conception
		How Fertilization Takes Place
	Infertility
		Causes of Infertility
		Treatments for Infertility
		Alternative Ways to Parenthood: Assisted Reproductive Technology
	3.1 The Everyday World Multiple Births
	Mechanisms of Heredity
		The Genetic Code
		What Determines Sex?
		Patterns of Genetic Transmission
	Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Dominant or Recessive Inheritance of Defects
		Sex-Linked Inheritance of Defects
		Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Genetic Counseling and Testing
	Nature and Nurture: Influences of Heredity and Environment
	3.2 The Research World Genetic Testing
		Studying the Relative Influences of Heredity and Environment
		How Heredity and Environment Work Together
	Some Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and Environment
		Physical and Physiological Traits
		Intelligence
		Personality
		Psychopathology
	summary and key terms
Chapter 4 Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
	Prenatal Development: Three Stages
		The Germinal Stage (Fertilization to 2 Weeks)
		The Embryonic Stage (2 to 8 Weeks)
	4.1 Around the World Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth
		The Fetal Stage (8 Weeks to Birth)
	Prenatal Development: Environmental Influences
		Maternal Factors
	4.2 The Everyday World Fetal Welfare versus Mothers' Rights
		Paternal Factors
	Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal Development
		Disparities in Prenatal Care
		The Need for Preconception Care
	summary and key terms
Chapter 5 Birth and the Newborn Baby
	Childbirth and Culture: How Birthing Has Changed
		Reducing the Risks of Childbirth
		Contemporary Settings for Childbirth
	The Birth Process
		Stages of Childbirth
		Electronic Fetal Monitoring
		Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery
		Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery
	The Newborn Baby
		Size and Appearance
	5.1 Around the World Having a Baby in the Himalayas
		Body Systems
		Medical and Behavioral Assessment
		States of Arousal and Activity Levels
	Complications of Childbirth—and Their Aftermath
		Low Birth Weight
	5.2 The Everyday World Comforting a Crying Baby
		Postmaturity
		Stillbirth
		Can a Supportive Environment Overcome Effects of Birth Complications?
	Newborns and Parents
		Infant Care: A Cross-Cultural View
		Childbirth and Bonding
		What Do Newborns Need from Their Mothers?
		The Father's Role
		How Parenthood Affects Marital Satisfaction
	summary and key terms
Chapter 6 Physical Development and Health during the First Three Years
	Early Growth and Physical Development
		Principles of Early Growth and Physical Development
		Growth Patterns
	Nutrition and Feeding Methods
		Breast or Bottle?
		Starting Solid Foods
		Is Being Overweight a Problem in Infancy?
	The Brain and Reflex Behavior
		Building the Brain
	6.1 The Research World The Autism “Epidemic”
		Early Reflexes
		Molding the Brain: The Role of Experience
	Early Sensory Capacities
		Touch and Pain
		Smell and Taste
		Hearing
		Sight
	Motor Development
		Milestones of Motor Development
		Motor Development and Perception
		Eleanor and James Gibson's Ecological Theory of Perception
		How Motor Development Occurs: Thelen's Dynamic Systems Theory
		Cultural Influences on Motor Development
	Health
		Reducing Infant Mortality
	6.2 Around the World Sleep Customs
		Immunization for Better Health
	Maltreatment: Abuse and Neglect
		Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood
		Contributing Factors: An Ecological View
		Helping Families in Trouble
		Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment
	summary and key terms
Chapter 7 Cognitive Development during the First Three Years
	Studying Cognitive Development: Six Approaches
	Behaviorist Approach: Basic Mechanics of Learning
		Classical and Operant Conditioning
		Infant Memory
	Psychometric Approach: Developmental and Intelligence Testing
		Testing Infants and Toddlers
		Assessing the Impact of the Home Environment
		Early Intervention
	Piagetian Approach: The Sensorimotor Stage
		Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage
		Do Imitative Abilities Develop Earlier than Piaget Thought?
		Development of Knowledge about Objects and Space
		Evaluating Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage
	Information-Processing Approach: Perceptions and Representations
		Habituation
		Visual and Auditory Processing Abilities
		Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence
	7.1 The Everyday World Do Infants and Toddlers Watch Too Much Television?
		Information Processing and the Development of Piagetian Abilities
		Evaluating Information-Processing Research on Infants
	Cognitive Neuroscience Approach: The Brain's Cognitive Structures
	Social-Contextual Approach: Learning from Interactions with Caregivers
	Language Development
		Sequence of Early Language Development
		Characteristics of Early Speech
		Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-Nurture Debate
	7.2 Around the World Inventing Sign Language
		Influences on Language Development
		Preparing for Literacy: The Benefits of Reading Aloud
	summary and key terms
Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development during the First Three Years
	Foundations of Psychosocial Development
		Emotions
		Temperament
	Developmental Issues in Infancy
		Developing Trust
		Developing Attachments
		Emotional Communication with Caregivers: Mutual Regulation
	8.1 The Everyday World How Postpartum Depression Affects Early Development
	Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood
		The Emerging Sense of Self
		Developing Autonomy
	8.2 Around the World Are Struggles with Toddlers Necessary?
		The Roots of Moral Development: Socialization and Internalization
	Gender: How Different Are Baby Boys and Girls?
		Gender Differences in Infants and Toddlers
		How Parents Shape Gender Differences
	Contact with Other Children
		Siblings
		Sociability with Nonsiblings
	Children of Working Parents
		Effects of Maternal Employment
		Early Child Care
	summary and key terms
Chapter 9 Physical Development and Health in Early Childhood
	Aspects of Physiological Development
		Bodily Growth and Change
	Sleep Patterns and Problems
		Sleep Disturbances and Disorders
		Bed-Wetting
	Brain Development
	Motor Development
		Gross and Fine Motor Skills
		Handedness
		Artistic Development
	Health and Safety
		Nutrition: Preventing Obesity
	9.1 Around the World Surviving the First Five Years of Life
		Undernutrition
	9.2 The Everyday World Food Security
		Food Allergies
		Oral Health
		Accidental Injuries and Deaths
		Health in Context: Environmental Influences
	summary and key terms
Chapter 10 Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
	Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child
		Advances of Preoperational Thought
		Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought
		Do Young Children Have Theories of Mind?
	10.1 The Everyday World Imaginary Companions
	Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
		Basic Processes and Capacities
		Recognition and Recall
		Forming and Retaining Childhood Memories
	Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
		Traditional Psychometric Measures
		Influences on Measured Intelligence
		Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory
	Language Development
		Vocabulary
		Grammar and Syntax
		Pragmatics and Social Speech
		Delayed Language Development
		Preparation for Literacy
	10.2 The Research World Private Speech: Piaget versus Vygotsky
		Media and Cognition
	Early Childhood Education
		Types of Preschools
		Compensatory Preschool Programs
		The School of the Twenty-First Century: Universal Preschool
		The Child in Kindergarten
	summary and key terms
Chapter 11 Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
	The Developing Self
		The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development
		Self-Esteem
		Understanding and Regulating Emotions
		Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt
	Gender
		Gender Differences
		Perspectives on Gender Development
	Play: The Business of Early Childhood
		Cognitive Levels of Play
	11.1 The Research World Does Play Have an Evolutionary Basis?
		The Social Dimension of Play
		How Gender Influences Play
		How Culture Influences Play
	Parenting
		Forms of Discipline
	11.2 The Everyday World The Case against Corporal Punishment
		Parenting Styles
	Special Behavioral Concerns
		Prosocial Behavior
		Aggression
		Fearfulness
	Relationships with Other Children
		Sibling Relationships
		The Only Child
		Playmates and Friends
	summary and key terms
Chapter 12 Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood
	Aspects of Physical Development
		Height and Weight
		Tooth Development and Dental Care
		Brain Development
	Nutrition and Sleep
		Nutritional Needs
		Sleep Patterns and Problems
	Motor Development and Physical Play
		Recess-Time Play
		Organized Sports
	Health and Safety
		Overweight and Body Image
	12.1 The Everyday World Do Barbie Dolls Affect Girls' Body Image?
		Medical Conditions
		Factors in Health and Access to Health Care
		Accidental Injuries
	12.2 Around the World How Cultural Attitudes Affect Health Care
	Mental Health
		Common Emotional Disturbances
		Treatment Techniques
	summary and key terms
Chapter 13 Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
	Piagetian Approach: The Concrete Operational Child
		Cognitive Advances
		Influences of Neurological Development and Schooling
		Moral Reasoning
	Information-Processing Approach: Attention, Memory, and Planning
		How Do Executive Skills Develop?
		Selective Attention
		Working Memory
		Metamemory: Understanding Memory
		Mnemonics: Strategies for Remembering
		Information Processing and Piagetian Tasks
	Psychometric Approach: Assessment of Intelligence
		The IQ Controversy
		Influences on Intelligence
		Is There More than One Intelligence?
		Other Directions in Intelligence Testing
	Language and Literacy
		Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax
		Pragmatics: Knowledge about Communication
		Second-Language Learning
		Literacy
	The Child in School
		Entering First Grade
		Influences on School Achievement
	13.1 The Research World The Homework Debate
	13.2 The Everyday World The Math Wars
	Educating Children with Special Needs
		Children with Learning Problems
		Gifted Children
	summary and key terms
Chapter 14 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
	The Developing Self
		Self-Concept Development: Representational Systems
		Industry versus Inferiority
		Emotional Growth and Prosocial Behavior
	The Child in the Family
		Family Atmosphere
	14.1 The Research World Pass the Milk: Family Mealtimes and Child Well-Being
		Family Structure
		Sibling Relationships
	The Child in the Peer Group
		Positive and Negative Effects of Peer Relations
		Gender Differences in Peer-Group Relationships
		Popularity
		Friendship
		Aggression and Bullying
	Stress and Resilience
		Stresses of Modern Life
		Coping with Stress: The Resilient Child
	14.2 The Everyday World Talking with Children about Terrorism and War
	summary and key terms
Chapter 15 Physical Development and Health in Adolescence
	Adolescence: A Developmental Transition
		Adolescence as a Social Construction
	15.1 Around the World The Globalization of Adolescence
		Adolescence: A Time of Opportunities and Risks
	Puberty: The End of Childhood
		How Puberty Begins: Hormonal Changes
		Timing, Signs, and Sequence of Puberty and Sexual Maturity
		Implications of Early and Late Maturation
	The Adolescent Brain
	Physical and Mental Health
		Physical Activity
		Sleep Needs and Problems
		Nutrition and Eating Disorders
		Use and Abuse of Drugs
		Depression
		Death in Adolescence
		Protective Factors: Health in Context
	summary and key terms
Chapter 16 Cognitive Development in Adolescence
	Aspects of Cognitive Maturation
		Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations
		Elkind: Immature Characteristics of Adolescent Thought
		Language Development
		Changes in Information Processing in Adolescence
	Moral Development
		Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning
	16.1 The Research World Fowler's Stages of Faith
		Gilligan's Theory: An Ethic of Care
		Prosocial Behavior and Volunteer Activity
	Educational and Vocational Issues
		Influences on School Achievement
	16.2 The Everyday World Multitasking and Gen M
		Dropping Out of High School
		Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations
	summary and key terms
Chapter 17 Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
	The Search for Identity
		Erikson: Identity versus Identity Confusion
		Marcia: Identity Status—Crisis and Commitment
		Gender Differences in Identity Formation
		Ethnic Factors in Identity Formation
	Sexuality
		Sexual Orientation and Identity
		Sexual Behavior
		Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
		Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing
	17.1 Around the World Preventing Teenage Pregnancy
	Relationships with Family and Peers
		Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?
		Changing Time Use and Changing Relationships
		Adolescents and Parents
		Adolescents and Siblings
		Peers and Friends
	Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency
	17.2 The Everyday World The Youth Violence Epidemic
		Becoming a Delinquent: Genetic and Neurological Factors
		Becoming a Delinquent: How Family, Peer, and Community Influences Interact
		Long-Term Prospects
		Preventing and Treating Delinquency
	Emerging Adulthood
	summary and key terms
Glossary
Bibliography
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index