A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Part 1: The Classical Civilization of China
	Ch 1: \"China\" in Antiquity
		The Neolithic Age
		The Rise of the Bronze Age
		Erlitou and Xia
		The Shang
		The Origins of Chinese Writing
		Oracle Bones
		Bronze Vessels
		Other Bronze Age Civilizations
		The Western Zhou Dynasty
		The Odes
	Ch 2: Turbulent Times and Classical Thought
		The Spring and Autumn Period
		The Warring States Period
		\"The Hundred Schools\"
		The Analects
		Mozi
		Mencius
		Xunzi
		Laozi and Zhuangzi
		Han Feizi
	Ch 3: The Early Imperial Period
		The Qin
		Sources and Historiographical Problems
		Reappraisals
		The Han
		The Formative Years
		The Quality of Han Rule
		The Xiongnu and Other Neighboring Peoples
		Intellectual Movements
		Poetry
		Gender
		Changes in Political Economy during the Han Period
		The Fall of the Han
Part 2: China and Japan in a Buddhist Age
	Ch 4: China during the Period of Disunity
		A World in Disarray
		China Divided
		The Northern Wei (386-534)
		Buddhism in the North
		Daoism-The Religion
		The South
		Poetry
		Calligraphy
		Painting
		Buddhism in the South
		China on the Eve of Reunification
	Ch 5: The Cosmopolitan Civilization of the Sui and Tang: 581-907
		The Sui (581-617)
		The Tang: Establishment and Consolidation
		Gaozong and Empress Wu
		High Tang
		City Life in the Capital Chang\'an
		The Flourishing of Buddhism
		Daoism
		The Rebellion of An Lushan (755-763)
		Li Bai and Du Fu
		Late Tang
		Late Tang Poetry and Culture
		Collapse of the Dynasty
	Ch 6: Early Japan to 794
		Prehistory
		Geography
		Paleolithic Culture
		Jomon Culture (c.14,500 B.C.E.-400 B.C.E.)
		Yayoi Culture (c. 900 B.C.E.-250 C.E.)
		Political and Social Developments
		The Tomb Period (Mid-Third to Late-Sixth Century C.E.)
		The Yamato Kings
		The Emergence of the JapaneseState and Elite Culture
		Korean Backgrounds
		The Late Tomb Period
		The Seventh-Century Transition (The Asuka Period)
		Nara as a Center and Symbol
		Nara as a Religious Center
		Documents and Structures
		Literature
		The Visual Arts
		The End of the Nara Period
	Ch 7: Heian Japan
		Early Heian and the Rise of the Fujiwara (794-930)
		Middle Heian-Fujiwara Dominance (930-1072)
		The Estates
		Late Heian: Rule by Retired Emperors
		The Warriors
		A World Permeated by Religion
		Heian Buddhism: Tendai
		Esoteric Buddhism: Shingon
		Pietism
		Literature
		The Visual Arts
		Painting
		The Phoenix Pavilion
Part 3: New Institutions, Elites, and Discrepancies
	Ch 8: China during the Song: 960-1279
		The Founding
		The New Elite
		The Examination System
		The Northern Song (960-1127)
		Government and Politics
		Wang Anshi
		The Economy
		The Religious Scene
		The Confucian Revival
		Poetry and Painting
		The Southern Song (1127-1279)
		Southern Song Cities and Commerce
		Literary and Visual Arts
		\"Neo-Confucianism\"
		Values and Gender
		The End
	Ch 9: The Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty
		Chinggis Khan: Founding of the Mongol Empire
		China under the Mongols: The Early Years (1211-1260)
		Kublai Khan and the Early Yuan
		The Yuan Continued (1294-1355)
		The Economy
		Society
		Religion
		Cultural and Intellectual Life
		\"Northern\" Drama
		Painting
		Rebellions and Disintegration
	Ch 10: The Ming Dynasty: 1368-1644
		The Early Ming (1368-1424)
		Maritime Expeditions (1405-1433)
		The Early Middle Period (1425-1505)
		The Later Middle Period (1506-1590)
		Economy and Society
		Literacy and Literature
		The Novel
		Drama
		Painting
		Ming Thought-Wang Yangming
		Religion
		Ming Thought after Wang Yangming
		Dong Qichang and Late Ming Painting
		Late Ming Government (1590-1644)
	Ch 11: The Kamakura Period in Japan
		Triumph and Fall of the Taira (1156-1185)
		Establishment of the Kamakura Bakufu
		The Hojo Regents
		Local Governance, Economy, Society
		The Mongol Invasion and Its Aftermath
		The Warrior and His Ideals
		Religion in the Kamakura Period
		The Pure Land Schools
		Nichiren
		Zen
		Kami Worship
		Religious Art
		Literature
	Ch 12: Muromachi Japan
		The Kenmu Restoration (1333-1336)
		The Establishment of the Ashikaga Shogunate
		Government and Politics
		Economy and Society
		Japanese and Continental Culture
		Yoshimitsu and His Age
		The Noh Drama
		Political Decline and Cultural Brilliance
		Poetry and Painting
		War and the Rise of the Daimyo
	Ch 13: East Asia and Modern Europe: First Encounters
		The Portuguese in East Asia
		The Jesuits in Japan
		The Impact of Other Europeans
		The \"Closing\" of Japan
		The Jesuits in China
		The Rites Controversy
		The Decline of Christianity in China
		Trade with the West and the Canton System
Part 4: Last Dynasties
	Ch 14: Tokugawa: Background, Establishment, and Middle Years
		Unification and Consolidation (1573–1651)
		Oda Nobunaga
		Toyotomi Hideyoshi
		The Invasion of Korea
		Grand Castles and the Arts
		The Tokugawa Political Consolidation (1600-1653)
		The Middle Years (1653–1787)
		Bakufu-Han Relations
		Economic and Social Change
		Classes and Values
		The Aesthetic Culture of the Aristocracy
		Genroku Urban Culture
		The Print
		Theater and Literature
		Intellectual Currents: Confucianism
		Reform and Its Limits
		Art and Literature after the Genroku Period
	Ch 15: The Qing Dynasty
		The Founding of the Qing
		Early Qing Thinkers and Painters
		The Reign of Kangxi
		Yongzheng
		Qianlong
		Eighteenth-Century Governance
		Eighteenth-Century Literati Culture
		Fiction
		A Buoyant Economy
		Social Change
		Ecology
		Dynastic Decline
Part 5: China and Japan in the Modern World
	Ch 16: China: Internal Crises and Western Intrusion
		The Opium War and Taiping Rebellion
		The Opium War (1839–1841) and Its Causes
		The Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty System
		Internal Crisis
		The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
		Zeng Guofan and the Defeat of the Taipings
		China and the World from the Treaty of Nanjing to the End of the Taipings
		1870–1894
		The Post-Taiping Revival
		Self-Strengthening-The First Phase
		Self-Strengthening-The Theory
		The Empress Dowager and the Government
		Education
		Economic Self-Strengthening
		The Traditional Economic Sector
		Missionary Efforts and Christian Influences
		Old and New Wine in Old Bottles
		Foreign Relations
		Continued Pressures
		Vietnam and the Sino-French War of 1884-1885
	Ch 17: Japan: Endings and Beginnings: From Tokugawa to Meiji, 1787-1873
		Late Tokugawa
		The Bakufu (1787-1841)
		Economy and Society
		Reforms
		Intellectual Currents
		The Opening of Japan
		Domestic Politics
		Sonno Joi
		Mixed Responses to the West
		Last Years of the Shogunate (1860-1867)
		The Meiji Restoration
		Formation of a New Government
		The Charter Oath
		Dismantling the Old Order
		Disaffection and Opposition
		The Crisis of 1873
		The Meaning of the Restoration
	Ch 18: The Emergence of Modern Japan: 1874-1894
		Political Developments
		Formation of Parties
		The Emperor and the Constitution
		Western Influences on Values and Ideas
		\"Civilization and Enlightenment\"
		Social Darwinism
		The Arts
		Conservatism and Nationalism
		Education
		Modernizing the Economy
		The Zaibatsu
		The Military
		Korea and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
		The Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 1895)
	Ch 19: China: Endings and Beginnings, 1894-1927
		The Last Years of the Last Dynasty
		The New Reformers
		The Scramble for Concessions
		The Boxer Rising
		Winds of Change
		Stirrings of Protest and Revolution
		Eleventh-Hour Reform
		The Revolution of 1911
		From Yuan Shikai to Chiang Kai-shek(Jiang Jieshi)
		Yuan Shikai
		The Warlord Era
		Intellectual Ferment
		Intellectual Alternatives
		Cultural Alternatives
		Marxism in China: The Early Years
		The GMD and Sun Yat-Sen (1913-1923)
		GMD and CCP Cooperation (1923-1927)
		The Break
		Establishment of the Nationalist Government
	Ch 20: Imperial Japan: 1895-1931
		Late Meiji (1895–1912)
		Foreign Policy and Empire Building
		Economic and Social Developments
		Politics
		Literature and the Arts
		The Taisho Period (1912–1926)and the 1920s
		The Taisho Political Crisis (1912-1913)
		Japan during World War I
		Politics and Policies (1918-1924)
		Party Government (1924-1931)
		Popular Culture
		Fine Arts
		Mingei
		Literature
		Intellectual Trends
	Ch 21: The 1930s and World War II
		The Manchurian Incident-Causes and Consequences
		Japanese Politics and the Road to War
		China: The Nanjing Decade-An Uneasy Peace
		China: The Nanjing Decade- Domestic Policies
		The Chinese Communists (1927-1934)
		The Long March
		United Front and War
		Expansion of the War into a Pacific War
		The Course of the War
		China at War
		Japan at War
		Colonial East Asia during the War
		The End of the War
Part 6: East Asia since World War II
	Ch 22: The Aftermath of the War and Unfinished Business
		Toward a New Order in China and Japan
		China: Civil War and Communist Triumph (1945-1949)
		Taiwan
		Japan: The Occupation (1945-1952)
		Means and Ends
		Social Policies
		Economic Policy
		The End of the Occupation
		Unfinished Business: Korea and Vietnam
		The Korean War
		International Relations after the Korean War
		Vietnam
		The Vietnam War (1946-1975) and Its Aftermath
	Ch 23: China under Mao: 1949-1976
		Consolidation and Construction
Soviet Style, 1949–1958
		Government and Politics
		Foreign Relations and the Korean War
		Economic Policies
		Thought Reform and Intellectuals
		The Revolution Continued, 1958–1976
		The Great Leap Forward and the Great Famine
		The Sino-Soviet Split
		Domestic Politics, 1961-1965
		The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution: The Radical Phase, 1966-1969
		The Winding Down, 1969-1976
	Ch 24: The Chinese World since Mao
		Deng Xiaoping and the Four Modernizations
		The Four Cardinal Principles
		Intellectual Life and the Arts in the 1980s
		Tiananmen
		State, Economy, and Society after 1989
		The Environment
		The Revival of Religion
		Foreign Relations and Hong Kong
		Intellectuals and Artists after 1989
		Taiwan
	Ch 25: The New Japan
		Late Showa
		The Economy; Government and Politics
		The Iron Triangle: Politicians and Bureaucrats
		The Iron Triangle: Business
		The 1970s and 1980s
		Social Change and Quality of Life
		Film
		Intellectual Life and Literature
		The Visual Arts
		Early Heisei
		The Heisei Recession
		Geological Earthquakes and Political Tremors
		Intellectual Discourse
		Literary and Artistic Life
Afterword
	International Tensions
	Economic Globalization
	Contending Trends
	Cultural Globalization
Appendix: Suggestions for Further Study
Notes
Index