8051 microcontroller: internals, instructions, programming & interfacing

Cover......Page 1
8051 Microcontroller......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 24
Acknowledgements......Page 26
 Introduction......Page 27
  Microprocessor-Based System......Page 28
  General Architecture......Page 29
 MCS-51 Family......Page 30
  Comparison Between 8085 and MCS-51......Page 31
 Power Management......Page 33
  Plastic Quad Flat Pack......Page 34
 Points to Remember......Page 35
  Search for Answers......Page 36
  Think and Solve......Page 37
 External Features......Page 39
 Pins and Signals......Page 40
 Program Memory Organization......Page 42
  Program Lock Bits......Page 43
 Data Memory Organization......Page 44
  Register Banks......Page 45
  Bit-Addressable Area......Page 46
 System Clock......Page 47
 Reset......Page 48
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 50
  Think and Solve......Page 51
 Sfr Map......Page 53
 Sfr Functions......Page 54
 Processor Status Word......Page 55
 Accumulator......Page 56
 Port Registers......Page 57
  Architecture of Mcs-51 Ports......Page 58
  Dc Characteristics of Mcs-51 Ports......Page 61
 Power Management......Page 62
 Summary......Page 63
  Search for Answers......Page 64
  Think and Solve......Page 65
 Instructions and Instruction Groups of Mcs-51......Page 67
 Addressing Modes......Page 68
  Immediate Addressing Mode......Page 69
  Register Direct Addressing Mode......Page 70
  Register Indirect Addressing Mode......Page 71
 Forms of Mov Instruction......Page 72
  16-Bit Data Load......Page 73
  Format of Mov Instruction......Page 74
  Operand Expressions......Page 75
 Solved Examples......Page 76
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 79
  Search for Answers......Page 81
  Think and Solve......Page 80
 Introduction......Page 83
 Add Instruction......Page 84
 Addc Instruction......Page 86
 Subb Instruction......Page 88
 Inc Instruction......Page 89
 Dec Instruction......Page 90
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 91
  Think and Solve......Page 92
 Program Branching Instructions......Page 93
  Ljmp Instruction......Page 94
  Ajmp Instruction......Page 95
  Sjmp Instruction......Page 96
  Application of Ajmp and Sjmp......Page 97
 Conditional Branching......Page 98
  Jnz Instruction......Page 99
  Cjne Instruction......Page 100
  Djnz Instruction......Page 101
  Labels in Program Listing......Page 102
 Solved Examples......Page 103
 Points to Remember......Page 104
  Search for Answers......Page 105
  Think and Solve......Page 106
 Copy Block......Page 107
 Shift Block......Page 109
 Count No. of Nulls......Page 110
 Find Checksum......Page 112
 Sum of Natural Numbers......Page 113
 Sum of a Series......Page 114
 Fibonacci Series......Page 116
 Generate a Series......Page 117
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 119
  Think and Solve......Page 120
 Need of Subroutines......Page 121
 Lcall Instruction......Page 122
 Ret Instruction......Page 123
 Mechanism of Subroutines......Page 124
 Nesting of Subroutines......Page 125
 Push Instruction......Page 126
 Pop Instruction......Page 127
 Comparison with 8085......Page 128
 Solved Examples......Page 129
 Points to Remember......Page 132
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 133
  Think and Solve......Page 134
  Introduction......Page 135
  ANL Instruction......Page 136
  ORL Instruction......Page 138
  XRL Instruction......Page 139
  CPL Instruction......Page 140
  RL Instruction......Page 141
  RRC Instruction......Page 142
  Solved Examples......Page 143
   Evaluate Yourself......Page 146
   Think and Solve......Page 147
 Introduction......Page 149
 Boolean Data Loading and Movement......Page 150
  Setb Instruction......Page 151
  Mov Instruction......Page 153
  Jc Instruction......Page 155
  Jnc Instruction......Page 156
  Jb Instruction......Page 157
  Jnb Instruction......Page 158
  Anl Instruction......Page 159
  Orl Instruction......Page 160
  Cpl Instruction......Page 161
 Solved Examples......Page 163
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 164
  Think and Solve......Page 165
 Count 1s in a Byte......Page 167
 Unpack a Bcd Number......Page 169
 Pack Array of Unpacked Bcd Digits......Page 170
 Find Largest and Smallest Integers of an Array......Page 172
 Bubble Sorting......Page 174
 Find the Sum of Factorials......Page 177
 Sort Out Numbers Divisible by 4......Page 179
 Points to Remember......Page 180
  Search for Answers......Page 181
  Think and Solve......Page 182
 Introduction......Page 183
 Movc Instruction......Page 184
 Movx Instruction......Page 185
 Xch Instruction......Page 188
 Xchd Instruction......Page 190
 Mul Instruction......Page 191
 Div Instruction......Page 192
 Da a Instruction......Page 193
 Swap Instruction......Page 195
 Solved Examples......Page 196
 Review Questions......Page 198
  Think and Solve......Page 199
 Compare with External Array......Page 201
 Find Sum of a Series......Page 202
 Reverse an Array......Page 204
 Hex to Bcd Conversion......Page 205
 Update Clock Display......Page 206
 Display Shift for Right Entry......Page 207
 Count Number of Words......Page 209
 Generate Prime Numbers......Page 211
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 214
  Think and Solve......Page 215
  What is an Interrupt?......Page 217
 External Interrupts of 8051......Page 218
  Tcon......Page 219
  Ie......Page 221
  Checklist for Into......Page 222
 Benefits of Interrupt......Page 223
 Solved Examples......Page 224
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 228
  Think and Solve......Page 229
  Differences Between a Timer and a Counter......Page 231
 8051/52 Timers......Page 233
 Introduction......Page 234
 Overview of Serial Communication......Page 235
  Serial Data Format......Page 236
  Sbuf......Page 237
  Scon......Page 238
  Pcon......Page 239
  Mode 0......Page 240
  Multiprocessor Communication......Page 241
  Role of Timer in Baud-Rate Generation......Page 242
  Why 11.0592 MHz?......Page 243
  Initialization Steps for Serial Communication......Page 244
 Solved Examples......Page 245
 Summary......Page 247
  Search for Answers......Page 248
  Think and Solve......Page 249
  Need of External Memory......Page 250
 Interfacing Signals......Page 251
 Program Memory Interfacing......Page 252
 Data Memory Interfacing......Page 253
  Three Lock Bits......Page 255
 Solved Example......Page 256
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 257
  Think and Solve......Page 258
 Introduction......Page 260
  Example 18.1......Page 261
 Bouncing of Keys......Page 262
  Software Debouncing......Page 263
 Key Matrix......Page 264
 Scanning Keyboard Matrix......Page 265
 Debouncing Keyboard Matrix......Page 267
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 270
  Think and Solve......Page 271
 Led Interfacing......Page 272
 Solved Examples......Page 274
 Seven-Segment Display Interfacing......Page 275
 Multiplexed Display......Page 276
 Summary......Page 280
  Search for Answers......Page 281
  Think and Solve......Page 282
  How a Dac Works......Page 284
  Sample and Hold......Page 285
 Interfacing Dac......Page 286
 Interfacing Adc......Page 287
 Solved Examples......Page 289
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 294
  Think and Solve......Page 295
  How Dc Motor Works......Page 296
 Direction Control......Page 297
  H-Bridge Using Transistors......Page 298
  L293D......Page 299
  Changing Duty Cycle of Square Wave......Page 300
 Relay and Optocoupler......Page 301
 Solved Examples......Page 302
  Search for Answers......Page 306
  Think and Solve......Page 307
  Full-Step Rotation......Page 308
  How Step Angle is Controlled......Page 309
  Generation of 3.6° Step Angle......Page 310
 Stepper Motor Interfacing......Page 311
 Direction Control......Page 313
 Speed Control......Page 315
 Solved Examples......Page 316
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 318
  Think and Solve......Page 319
 Introduction......Page 320
 How a Servomotor Works......Page 321
  For Pulses of 2 Milliseconds......Page 323
  For Pulses of 1.5 Milliseconds......Page 324
 Home-Position Detection......Page 325
 Solved Example......Page 326
 Summary......Page 329
  Search for Answers......Page 330
  Think and Solve......Page 331
 Power-Saving Modes......Page 332
  Idle Mode......Page 333
  Power-Down Mode......Page 334
  Diff erence Between Idle and Power-Down Modes......Page 335
 A Case Study on Power Management......Page 336
  Case 1: Normal Design Without Power Management......Page 337
  Case 2: Power Management Using Idle Mode......Page 340
  Case 3: Power Management Using Power-Down Mode......Page 341
  Further Improvements......Page 343
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 344
  Think and Solve......Page 345
  What is Home Protection System?......Page 346
  Overall System......Page 347
  Display Drivers......Page 348
  Sensor Interfacing......Page 349
  Ir-Sensing Module......Page 350
  Timer 0 Interrupt Service Routine......Page 351
  Display Refreshing......Page 352
 Software Listing......Page 353
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 360
  Think and Solve......Page 361
 Avr Microcontrollers......Page 362
  Important Features......Page 363
  Internal Architecture......Page 364
  Program Memory......Page 365
  Status Register......Page 366
  Power Management and Sleep Modes......Page 367
  Atmega8 Instruction Set......Page 368
  Comparison Between Atmega8 and Atmega16......Page 371
  Pins and Signals......Page 372
  Internal Architecture......Page 373
  Instruction Set......Page 375
  ARM Core Architecture......Page 380
  Important Features......Page 381
  Renesas Microcontrollers......Page 383
  Evaluate Yourself......Page 384
  Think and Solve......Page 385
Answers For Evaluate Yourself......Page 386
  Arithmetic Operations......Page 388
  Logical Operations......Page 390
  Data Movement Operation......Page 391
  Boolean Variable Operations......Page 392
  Call and Jump Operations......Page 393
 Instructions Arranged by their Opcodes......Page 394
 Instructions Arranged by Alphabetical Order......Page 400
  Instructions with Direct Addressing......Page 405
  Instructions with Indirect Addressing Through Ro......Page 406
  Instructions with Register Addressing Through Ro......Page 407
  Instructions with Register Addressing Through R2......Page 408
  Instructions with Register Addressing Through R5......Page 409
  Instructions with Register Addressing Through R7......Page 410
  Instructions with Register Addressing Through the Accumulator......Page 411
 8051 Programs Using C......Page 414
 Mcs®-51 Programmer’s Guide and Instruction Setinstruction Definitions......Page 420
Bibliography......Page 468
Index......Page 470