3D Textile Reinforcements in Composite Materials

wp1795fm......Page 2
3-D textile reinforcements in composite materials......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 9
List of contributors......Page 12
Manufacturing costs......Page 14
Table of Contents......Page 0
The problem in the thickness direction......Page 15
Examples of application......Page 19
Conclusions......Page 21
1.1 Introduction......Page 22
1.2 Classification of textile preforms......Page 24
1.3 Structural geometry of 3-D textiles......Page 27
1.3.1 3-D woven fabrics......Page 28
1.3.2 Orthogonal non-woven fabrics......Page 29
1.3.3 Knitted 3-D fabrics......Page 30
1.3.4 3-D braided fabrics......Page 33
1.4 Tailoring fiber architecture for strong and tough composites......Page 34
1.4.2 Metal matrix composites......Page 35
1.4.3 Ceramic matrix composites......Page 36
1.5 Modeling of 3-D textile composites......Page 37
1.6.1 Prediction of stress–strain relationships......Page 43
1.6.2 Structural analysis of a 3-D braided composite turbine blade......Page 46
1.7 Conclusions and future directions......Page 50
1.8 References......Page 53
2.1 Introduction......Page 56
2.2 The mechanical performance of conventional and 3-D reinforced composites......Page 57
2.3 Manufacturing textile structural composites......Page 62
2.4 3-D composites in aerospace structures......Page 69
2.5 Textile structural composites in automotive structures......Page 71
2.6 Conclusions......Page 76
Composite materials in general......Page 78
Aerospace applications......Page 79
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 80
3.2.2 Classification......Page 81
Models of N. Naik, Shembekar and Ganesh......Page 83
Model of R. Naik......Page 85
Model of Blackketter......Page 86
Models of Whitcomb......Page 88
3.2.4 Conclusions......Page 89
3.3.1 Introduction......Page 91
3.3.2 Geometric model......Page 92
3.3.3 Multilevel decomposition scheme......Page 94
3.3.4 The complementary energy elastic model......Page 97
3.3.5 Conclusion......Page 100
3.4.2 The complementary energy stress model......Page 101
3.4.3 Development of the failure model......Page 103
3.4.4 Parametric study: strength analysis......Page 105
3.5 Conclusions......Page 108
3.7 References......Page 110
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2 Determination of the stiffness and strength properties of 3-D textile reinforced composite materials......Page 114
The classical beam theory......Page 115
Classical laminated plate theory......Page 116
Irons theory......Page 117
First-order shear theory......Page 118
Elasticity theory......Page 119
4.2.2 Stiffness and strength properties as a function of the 3-D textile preform......Page 120
Braiding......Page 121
Warp knitting......Page 123
Stitching......Page 128
4.3 Determination of the stiffness and strength properties of braided composite materials......Page 129
Direction 1......Page 130
In-plane 1–2 shear stress......Page 131
Model properties......Page 133
Materials......Page 134
Results......Page 135
4.4 Determination of the stiffness and strength properties of knitted composite materials......Page 137
4.4.3 Finite element model......Page 138
4.4.6 Experiment–theory correlation......Page 140
4.5 Application of macromechanical analysis to the design of a warp knitted fabric sandwich structure for energy absorption applications......Page 141
4.5.1 Definition of the problem......Page 142
4.5.3 Macromechanical analysis of 3-D warp knitted sandwich panels......Page 143
4.6 Application of macromechanical analysis to the design of an energy absorber type 3P bending......Page 147
4.6.1 Finite element model and boundary conditions......Page 150
4.6.3 Materials......Page 151
4.6.4 Results......Page 154
4.6.5 Conclusions......Page 155
4.7 Conclusions......Page 158
4.8 References......Page 159
5.1 Introduction......Page 164
5.2.2 Rib construction......Page 165
5.2.3 Rib geometric parameters......Page 167
5.3 Manufacturing processes......Page 168
5.3.1 Assembly methods......Page 169
Stacked joint grids......Page 170
Interlaced joint grids......Page 171
5.4 Mechanical properties of grids......Page 172
5.4.1 Stiffness of quasi-isotropic laminates......Page 173
5.4.2 Stiffness of isogrids......Page 174
5.4.3 Stiffness of square grids and cross-ply laminates......Page 175
5.5 Failure envelopes of grids......Page 177
5.5.1 Failure envelopes in strain space......Page 178
5.5.2 Failure envelopes in stress space......Page 180
5.5.3 Failure by rib buckling......Page 181
5.5.4 Examples of CFRP and GFRP failure envelopes......Page 184
5.6.1 CFRP grid with laminated skins......Page 185
5.6.2 GFRP grid with laminated skins......Page 186
5.6.3 Aluminum grid with skins......Page 187
5.7 Flexural rigidity of isogrids......Page 188
Case 3......Page 189
5.8 Coefficients of thermal expansion......Page 190
5.11 References......Page 192
6.1 Introduction......Page 193
6.3 Tensile behavior of knitted fabric composites......Page 197
6.4.2 Geometric model......Page 201
6.4.3 Estimation of fiber volume fraction......Page 205
6.4.4 Micromechanical model for unidirectional fiber reinforced composite......Page 209
6.4.5 Elastic properties in global co-ordinates......Page 212
6.4.6 Assemblage in the crossover model......Page 214
6.4.7 Elastic properties: results and discussion......Page 216
6.5.1 Prediction of tensile strength......Page 218
6.5.2 Tensile strength: results and discussion......Page 224
6.6 Conclusions......Page 227
6.7 References......Page 228
7.1.1 2-D fabrics......Page 230
7.1.2 3-D fabrics......Page 231
7.2 2-D braiding......Page 232
7.3 3-D braiding......Page 233
7.3.1 Cartesian braiding process......Page 234
7.3.2 Braid architecture, yarn grouping and shapes......Page 236
7.3.3 Fabrication of braided structures......Page 238
7.3.4 Braid consolidation......Page 242
7.3.5 Braided composite characterization......Page 243
7.3.6 Braided composite performance......Page 246
7.4 Summary......Page 250
7.5 References......Page 251
8.1.1 The earliest fibres, fabrics and composite structures......Page 254
8.1.2 The renaissance of fibre reinforced composites......Page 257
8.1.3 Industrial manufacturing of composite components......Page 258
8.1.4 Outline of the simulation and optimization strategy......Page 261
8.2.2 Rubber forming......Page 264
Forming stage......Page 265
8.3.1 Introduction......Page 269
8.3.2 Strategy approach......Page 272
8.3.3 Integration approach......Page 274
8.3.4 Design sensitivities......Page 276
8.3.5 Examples......Page 277
8.4.2 Laminate stiffnesses for thermoformed CFRTP composites......Page 278
Geometric consideration......Page 282
Calculation of effective elastic laminate stiffnesses......Page 284
8.4.3 Finite element analysis......Page 286
8.5.1 Introduction......Page 288
8.5.2 Multipoint approximation method......Page 290
8.5.3 Implementation......Page 291
8.5.4 Example......Page 292
8.6 Conclusions......Page 293
8.7 References......Page 294
9.1 Introduction......Page 298
9.2 Hand impregnation......Page 301
9.3 Matched-die moulding......Page 302
9.4 Degassing......Page 303
9.6 Vacuum bagging......Page 304
9.7 Autoclave......Page 305
9.8 Liquid moulding with vacuum assistance......Page 308
9.9 Resin film infusion......Page 310
9.12 Prediction of fabric properties......Page 311
9.12.2 Mass of warp integrating yarn (W4) in 1m2 of reinforcement......Page 313
9.12.3 Mass of warp stuffer yarn (W8) in 1m2 of reinforcement......Page 314
9.12.5 Mass of weft integrating yarn (W12) in 1m2 of reinforcement......Page 315
9.12.7 Determination of the percentage of yarn in the X, Y and Z directions......Page 316
9.13 References......Page 318