3D Printing in Prosthetics and Orthotics: Innovations and Opportunities (Biomedical Materials for Multi-functional Applications)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
1 History and Evolution of 3D Printing
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History
		1.2.1 The Precursors of Additive Manufacturing
		1.2.2 The Pioneering Years: 1980s to 1990s
		1.2.3 The Millennium Shift and the Democratisation of 3D Printing
	1.3 Milestones
	1.4 3D Printing Technology
		1.4.1 Material Extrusion
		1.4.2 Vat Polymerisation
		1.4.3 Material Jetting
		1.4.4 Binder Jetting
		1.4.5 Powder Bed Fusion (Polymers and Metals)
	1.5 Adoption of 3D Printing in Healthcare
	References
2 3D Printing Technologies and Materials for Prosthetics and Orthotics
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Material Extrusion Printing
		2.2.1 History and Evolution of FDM
		2.2.2 Materials
	2.3 Liquid Resin Printing Technology
		2.3.1 History and Evolution of Resin Printing
		2.3.2 Stereolithography (SLA)
		2.3.3 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
		2.3.4 Materials
	2.4 Powder Bed Fusion
		2.4.1 History and Evolution of Powder Bed Fusion Printing
		2.4.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		2.4.3 Materials
	2.5 Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)
		2.5.1 Materials
	References
3 3D Scanning and Design Methods for Personalised and Customised Solutions
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Laser
	3.2 Scanning Using Laser
		3.2.1 Triangulating Scanners
		3.2.2 Photogrammetry
	3.3 3D Scanning in Rehabilitation
		3.3.1 Processing the Scanned Data
		3.3.2 Designing Software
	References
4 3D Printing in Surgical Planning: 3D Reconstruction and Surgical Guides
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 3D Reconstruction
	4.3 Preoperative Planning
	4.4 Materials
		4.4.1 Use in Surgical Guide
		4.4.2 Educational/Study Models
	4.5 Application and Challenges
	References
5 3D Printing in Orthopaedic Implants: Design, Materials, Application
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Implants
		5.2.1 Dental Implants
		5.2.2 Orthopaedic Implants
	5.3 Applications
	References
6 3D Printing Applications in Lower Limb Prosthetics: Sockets, Knee Joint and Foots
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 3D Printed Sockets
		6.2.1 Acquisition
		6.2.2 Design
		6.2.3 Material and Printing Technology
	6.3 Knee Joint
	6.4 3D Printed Prosthetic Foots
		6.4.1 Foot Biomechanics
		6.4.2 Role of 3D Printing
	References
7 3D Printing Applications in Upper Limb Prosthetics: Hand and Finger Prosthesis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Functional Prosthesis
		7.2.1 Above Elbow
		7.2.2 Below Elbow
		7.2.3 Partial Hand and Partial Finger Prosthesis
	7.3 Cosmetic Prosthesis
	References
8 3D Printing Applications in Orthotic Braces: Upper Body and Lower Body
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Three Point Correction Principle
	8.3 Design Flow
	8.4 Upper Body Braces
		8.4.1 Cranial Orthoses
		8.4.2 Neck Orthoses
		8.4.3 Spine Orthosis
		8.4.4 Hand Orthosis
		8.4.5 Finger Splints
	8.5 Lower Body Braces
		8.5.1 Full Leg Orthosis
		8.5.2 Foot and Ankle Orthosis
		8.5.3 Clubfoot Brace
	References
9 3D Printing Applications in Orthotic Insoles: Asymptomatic, Diabetic and Sports Users
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Foot Orthosis
	9.3 Foot Conditions
		9.3.1 Asymptomatic Users
		9.3.2 Sports Users
		9.3.3 Diabetic Users
	9.4 Assessment
		9.4.1 Qualitative Analysis
		9.4.2 Quantitative Analysis
	9.5 Customised Insoles
	References
10 Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction of 3D Printed Prosthetic and Orthotic Devices
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Orthotic Braces—Clubfoot AFO
	10.3 Finger Splints
	10.4 3D Printed Insoles
	10.5 Cosmetic Covers
	References
11 Challenges, Opportunities and Future Trends
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Role of Technology and Innovation
	11.3 Design Optimisation and Personalisation
	11.4 Economic Implications and Market Dynamics
	11.5 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
	11.6 Workforce Development and Training
	11.7 Future Directions and Trends
	References