3D Printing in Bone Surgery

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Indications: Didactical Use of 3D Printing, Surgical Didactical Use, Surgical Planning, Patient Information, Custom-Made Prosthesis, Spacer and Template, External Prosthesis, Cast
	1.1	 3D Model Development
	1.2	 Didactical Use and Patient Information
	1.3	 Surgical Planning
	1.4	 Custom-Made Prosthesis
	1.5	 Conclusions
	References
2: The Rationale of 3D Printing in Oncological Orthopaedics
	2.1	 Introduction
		2.1.1	 3D Models
		2.1.2	 Guiding JIGS
		2.1.3	 3D Prostheses
			2.1.3.1	 Evolution of Reconstruction Concept and Technology
	2.2	 Intercalary 3D Prosthesis
	2.3	 3D Scaffolds
	2.4	 Conclusion
	References
3: The 3D Printing Production Procedure
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 From Diagnostic Imaging to the Anatomical Model
	3.3	 3D Printing Technology Used in Orthopedics
		3.3.1	 Stereolithography
		3.3.2	 Selective Laser Sintering
		3.3.3	 Electron Beam Melting
		3.3.4	 Selective Laser Melting
		3.3.5	 Fused Deposition Modeling
	3.4	 Materials Used to Print Surgical Devices and Implants
	3.5	 Finishing and Cleaning of the 3D Printed Piece
	3.6	 Sterilization Methods Available for 3D Printing Materials
		3.6.1	 Steam Autoclave
		3.6.2	 Ehylene Oxide Gas
		3.6.3	 Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma
		3.6.4	 Gamma Radiation
	3.7	 Conclusion
	References
4: The Engineer’s Point of View
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 3D Technologies and Medical Application
	4.3	 Production Flow of a Custom-Made Medical Device
		4.3.1	 Image Acquisition
		4.3.2	 Planning & Design
			4.3.2.1	 Anatomic Models for Surgical Planning
			4.3.2.2	 Blood Vessels Visualization
			4.3.2.3	 Anatomical Cutting Guides
			4.3.2.4	 Design of Patient-Specific Implant and Instruments
	4.4	 Intraoperative Execution
	4.5	 Advantages of 3D-Printed Custom Implants
	4.6	 Limitations and Potential Future Development
	References
5: 3D Pelvis/Hip Prosthesis
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 How to Create a Medical 3D-Printed Implant for Pelvic Reconstructions
		5.2.1	 Step 1: Ideation
		5.2.2	 Step 2: Image Acquisition
		5.2.3	 Step 3: Multidisciplinary Work on 3D Virtual Model
		5.2.4	 Step 4: Printing
	5.3	 Patient-Specific Tools and Guides
	5.4	 3D-Printed Prostheses in Pelvic Reconstructions: Revision Surgery
	5.5	 3D-Printed Prostheses in Pelvic Reconstructions: Tumors
	5.6	 Conclusions
	References
6: Custom Reconstruction Around the Knee
	6.1	 Introduction
		6.1.1	 Image Processing
		6.1.2	 PSIs (Guides)
		6.1.3	 Tools
		6.1.4	 Implants
		6.1.5	 Surgery
	6.2	 Material and Methods
	6.3	 Results
	6.4	 Discussion
	6.5	 Conclusions
	References
7: When the Bone Is Not Enough: The Role of Custom-Made Implants in Cup Revision Surgery
	7.1	 Acetabular Bone Defects Classifications and Possible Solution
		7.1.1	 Severe Acetabular Bone Defect
		7.1.2	 Pelvic Discontinuity
		7.1.3	 Bone Defect Extended Beyond the Acetabulum
	7.2	 PreOperative Evaluation
	7.3	 Design and Construction of the Model
	7.4	 Surgery
	7.5	 PostOperative Rehabilitation Program
	7.6	 PostOperative Evaluation
	7.7	 Clinical Experience and Failures
	References
8: 3D Scapula/Shoulder Prosthesis
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 3D-Printed Titanium Custom-Made Prosthesis
	8.3	 Conclusion
	References
9: 3D Vertebral Prosthesis
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 3D-Printing in Spine: Review
	9.3	 En Bloc Resection
	9.4	 Anterior Column Reconstruction: Goals and Options
		9.4.1	 Biological Options (Bone Grafts)
		9.4.2	 Prosthetic Options
	9.5	 Preoperative Planning and Implant Design
	9.6	 3D-Printed Reconstruction After Surgery for Spinal Tumors
		9.6.1	 3D-Printed Vertebral Prosthesis: Pros
		9.6.2	 3D-Printed Vertebral Prosthesis: Cons
	References
10: 3D Skull Prosthesis
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Types of Cranial Prosthesis (Standard Pre-Curved and Custom-Made). 3D Technology
	10.3	 Indications for Use
	10.4	 Surgical Procedures
	10.5	 Comparison Between Custom-Made 3D-Printed Prostheses and Standard Pre-Curved Prostheses
	10.6	 Single Step Surgery (Resection–Reconstruction)
	10.7	 Conclusions
	References
11: 3D Facial Prosthesis
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Upper Third: Naso-Fronto-Orbital Region
	11.3	 Middle Third: Maxillary Region
	11.4	 Lower Third: Mandibular Region
	11.5	 Maxillo-Mandibular Complex: Orthognathic Surgery
	References
12: 3D Carpal (Hand) Prosthesis
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Indications
	12.3	 Review of Literature
	12.4	 Discussion
	References
13: 3D Tarsal (Foot) Prosthesis
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Indications and Contraindications
	13.3	 3D Printed Custom Cages
	13.4	 Total Talar Prosthesis
	13.5	 Total Calcaneus Prosthesis
	13.6	 Conclusions
	References
14: The Composite Custom-Made Prosthesis
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 The Composite Custom-Made Prosthesis
	14.3	 Exemplificative Case
	14.4	 Discussion
	References
15: 3D-Printed Custom-Made Instruments
	15.1	 3D-Printed Custom-Made Instrumentations
	15.2	 Clinical Applications
	References
16: Future Developments of 3D Printing in Bone Surgery
	16.1	 Technical Innovations: New 3D Printers and Materials
	16.2	 Surgical Applications: Optimization of Constructs
	16.3	 Bioprinting: 3DP in Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Systems
	16.4	 Considerations on 4D Printing
	16.5	 3D Graphy Banking: To Go Over the Patient’s Specific Bio-Modeling
	16.6	 Conclusions
	References