3D Physical and Virtual Models in Fetal Medicine: Applications and Procedures

Foreword
Introduction
Contents
Contributors
1: The Use of 3D Representations in Fetal Medicine
	References
Part I: Digital Input
	Digital Input.
	2: Imaging Technologies: Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Micro-CT, 3D Scanner
		2.1	 Ultrasound
		2.2	 Computed Tomography
		2.3	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		2.4	 Microtomography
		2.5	 3D Scanners and Photogrammetry
		References
	3: Post-processing Images to Generate the 3D Data
		3.1	 Segmentation
		3.2	 3D Models
			3.2.1	 Treatment and Smoothing
			3.2.2	 Models and Assemblies
		3.3	 Archives Format
		References
Part II: Physical Output
	Physical Output.
	4: (3D) Printing Technologies
		4.1	 Fused Deposition Modeling (Solid-Based System) or FDM
		4.2	 Selective Laser Sintering (Powder-Based System) or SLS
		4.3	 BJT: Binder Jetting (Joined with Bonding Plaster/Gypsum)
		4.4	 Material Jetting (MJ)
		4.5	 Stereolithography (SLA)
		4.6	 Digital Light Processing/Liquid Crystal Display: DLP/ LCD
		4.7	 Availability
		4.8	 Cost per Model
		4.9	 Productivity
		4.10	 Ease of Use
		4.11	 Average Build Volume
		4.12	 Print Time
		4.13	 Resolution and Post-Processing
		4.14	 Material
		4.15	 How to Apply Each One
		4.16	 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Virtual Output
	Virtual Output.
	5: Virtual Navigation on Expanded Reality Devices (Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and Expanded Reality)
		References
	6: Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Fetal Medicine
		6.1	 The Present State of AI
		6.2	 AI in Fetal Medicine
		6.3	 Challenges to AI Approaches in Fetal Medicine and General Evaluation Criteria
		6.4	 Example: Amniotic Fluid Segmentation
		6.5	 Conclusion
		References
	7: Metaverse in Fetal Medicine
		7.1	 From Virtuality Continuum to Internet 4.0
		7.2	 Expanded Reality for Mediatic Shared Experiences
		7.3	 Perspectives for Fetal Medicine and Experiments
		References
Part IV: Applicability in Clinical Cases
	8: Three-Dimensional Printing and Virtual Models in Fetal Medicine
		8.1	 Study of Fetal Pathologies
			8.1.1	 First Trimester
			8.1.2	 Second and Third Trimesters
			8.1.3	 Central Nervous System
				8.1.3.1	 Ventriculomegaly
				8.1.3.2	 Anencephaly
				8.1.3.3	 Holoprosencephaly
				8.1.3.4	 Microcephaly
				8.1.3.5	 Fetal Intracranial Hemorrhage
				8.1.3.6	 Chiari Malformation
				8.1.3.7	 Dandy-Walker Malformation
				8.1.3.8	 Encephalocele
			8.1.4	 Face
				8.1.4.1	 Cleft Lip and Palate
				8.1.4.2	 Tumors (Epignathus Teratoma)
			8.1.5	 Cervical Masses
				8.1.5.1	 Fetal Goiter
				8.1.5.2	 Lymphangioma
				8.1.5.3	 Teratoma
			8.1.6	 Chest Anomalies
				8.1.6.1	 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
				8.1.6.2	 Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome
			8.1.7	 Congenital Heart Disease
			8.1.8	 Abdominal Anomalies
				8.1.8.1	 Omphalocele
				8.1.8.2	 Gastroschisis
				8.1.8.3	 Limb–Body Wall Complex (LBWC)
				8.1.8.4	 Sacrococcygeal Teratomas
			8.1.9	 Genitourinary Anomalies
				8.1.9.1	 Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction
			8.1.10	 Fetal Musculoskeletal Disorders
			8.1.11	 Genetics
		References
	9: 3D Printing and Virtual Models Assisting Fetal Surgeries
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Rational for Fetal Surgery
			9.2.1	 Bidimensional Ultrasound (2D US) in Fetal Surgeries
			9.2.2	 Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography (3D US) and Four-Dimensional Ultrasonography (4D US) in Fetal Surgeries
			9.2.3	 3D Printing Models in Fetal Surgeries
			9.2.4	 Virtual Reconstruction in Fetal Surgery
		9.3	 Conclusion
		9.4	 Assistance for Fetal Surgery
		References
	10: Postnatal Surgery
		10.1	 Clinical Study 1 (Neurosurgery): Craniopagus Twins—A Challenge
		10.2	 Clinical Study 2 (Pediatric Surgery)
			10.2.1	 Jejunal and Ileal Atresia
			10.2.2	 Esophageal Atresia with Distal Fistula
			10.2.3	 Choledochal Cyst
		References
	11: Multiple Pregnancy
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 The Role of Ultrasound
		11.3	 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		11.4	 Multiplanar Ultrasound and Model Printing
		11.5	 Conclusions
		References
	12: Maternal–Fetal Attachment in Blind Women Using Physical Model
		References
Part V: Experimental and Future Applications
	13: Haptics/Force Feedback Technologies
		13.1	 Devices
			13.1.1	 Actuators
				13.1.1.1	 Haptic Gloves
				13.1.1.2	 Force Feedback Pen
		13.2	 Process
			13.2.1	 Optimization of the 3D Model
			13.2.2	 Visualization
			13.2.3	 Smoothness and Roughness
			13.2.4	 Tenacity Map
			13.2.5	 Deformity of the Surface
		13.3	 Case Study
		References
	14: Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting Technologies and Possibilities for the Fetal Medicine
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting Research
			14.2.1	 Placenta-on-a-Chip
			14.2.2	 3D Bioprinted Outer-Blood-Retina for Anti-Zika Small-Molecules Discovery
			14.2.3	 Bone Regeneration with 3D Bioprinting
			14.2.4	 Bioprinted Autologous Heart Valve Implants with Regenerative Capabilities and Life-Long Durability
		14.3	 3D Bioprinting and Fetal Medicine
		14.4	 Considerations
		References