3D and HD Broadband Video Networking

3D and HD Broadband Video Networking......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
1.1 Wither the Set-Top Box and Digital Video Recorder?......Page 18
1.2 The Rise of HD and 3D Video......Page 19
1.3 Video Content Distribution......Page 20
1.4 Content Quality versus Video Quality......Page 24
1.5 Multiscreen Video......Page 26
1.6 Mobile Video......Page 28
1.7 Streaming Protocols......Page 30
1.9 Conclusions......Page 31
Exercises......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.3 Broadband Cable Networks......Page 39
2.3.1 DOCSIS Standard......Page 40
2.4.3 Real-Time Transport Streaming Protocol (RTSP)......Page 46
2.4.4 Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP)......Page 47
2.4.5 TCP and HTTP......Page 48
2.4.6 TCP Operation in an Access Network......Page 49
2.4.8 Optimizing TCP Operation on the Internet......Page 50
2.5 Link Quality Measurement......Page 51
2.6 MPEG Video Encapsulation......Page 54
2.7 IP Multicast......Page 56
2.7.1 Mechanisms......Page 57
2.7.2 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)......Page 58
2.7.4 Challenges for Multicast Access Networks......Page 59
2.7.5 Peer-to-Peer Multicast......Page 60
2.7.6 Robust Peer-to-Peer Video Streaming......Page 62
2.8.2 Codec Losses......Page 63
2.8.4 Free Video Previews and Video Pausing......Page 64
2.9.1 Display Technologies......Page 65
2.9.3 Emerging Wireless Home Network Standards......Page 66
2.10 The Metro Network and Broadband Convergence......Page 67
2.10.3 Carrier-Class Ethernet OAM Tools......Page 68
2.10.4 Next-Generation Network (NGN) Migration......Page 69
2.11 Conclusions......Page 70
Selected Bibliography......Page 71
Exercises......Page 72
3.1 Display Resolution and Visual Quality......Page 74
3.2 Video Compression......Page 75
3.3 Video Containers......Page 77
3.3.1 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)......Page 78
3.4 H.264, VC-1, and VP8 Standards......Page 79
3.5 H.264 Architecture......Page 80
3.5.1 Video Coding and Network Abstraction Layers......Page 82
3.5.2 VCL and NAL Packetization......Page 83
3.5.3 An RFC 3984 H.264 Transport Framework......Page 84
3.6.1 Spatial, Temporal, and Bit Rate Scalability......Page 86
3.6.2 Error Resilience......Page 87
3.6.3 Error Concealment (EC)......Page 89
3.7.1 Entropy Coding......Page 91
3.7.3 In-Loop Deblocking......Page 92
3.7.4 Motion Compensation, Estimation, and Prediction......Page 93
3.7.5 Multiple Reference Frames......Page 95
3.8 Efficient Video Network Transport......Page 96
3.8.2 Selective Information Dropping......Page 97
3.8.3 Impact on Perceived Video Quality......Page 99
3.9 H.264 Coding Parameters......Page 100
3.10 Quantization......Page 101
3.11 Video Delivery Platforms......Page 103
3.13 Video Quality Assessment......Page 104
3.13.1 Subjective versus Objective Metrics......Page 105
3.13.2 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)......Page 106
3.13.4 Czenakowski Distance (CZD)......Page 108
3.13.5 Observable versus Perceptual Visual Artifacts......Page 109
3.14 CBR versus VBR Coding......Page 110
3.15 Scalable Video Coding......Page 114
References......Page 115
Exercises......Page 116
4.1 Profiles and Levels......Page 122
4.2 CABAC versus CAVLC......Page 126
4.2.1 CABAC and CAVLC under VBR Mode......Page 127
4.2.2 CABAC and CAVLC under CBR Mode......Page 128
4.3 Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO)......Page 129
4.3.2 RDO under CBR......Page 130
4.4 Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO)......Page 132
4.4.1 Overheads......Page 133
4.5 Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
Exercises......Page 138
5.1 Introduction......Page 140
5.2 Statistical Characteristics of H.264 Coded Videos......Page 142
5.3 Problem Formulation......Page 144
5.4 Traffic Model for B Frame Size Prediction......Page 147
5.5 Results and Discussion......Page 149
5.6 Model Enhancements......Page 151
5.7 Results and Discussion......Page 153
5.8 Traffic Model for GOP Size Prediction......Page 154
5.9 Model Enhancement with Predicted Scene Change Detector......Page 156
5.10 SAD Method for Scene Change Detection and Adaptation......Page 158
References......Page 160
Exercises......Page 161
6.1 Introduction......Page 162
6.2 Long-Range Dependency and Hurst Parameter......Page 163
6.3 Model Formulation......Page 167
6.4.1 Impact of Different QP Values......Page 170
6.4.2 Impact of Using the Same QP Value......Page 172
6.4.4 Impact of Multiplexing H.264 Videos......Page 173
6.5 Conclusions......Page 174
A.1 Data Traffic......Page 175
A.4 Video Traffic......Page 176
Exercises......Page 177
7.1 Introduction......Page 180
7.2 FMO Removal......Page 181
7.3 Visual Quality Performance Evaluation......Page 185
7.4 Using Multiple Slices......Page 186
7.5 Overheads......Page 187
7.6 Conclusions......Page 191
References......Page 192
8.1 Introduction......Page 194
8.2 Error Concealment for HD Videos......Page 195
8.2.1 Results......Page 197
8.4 Temporal Error Concealment......Page 200
8.4.1 Algorithm......Page 201
8.4.2 Performance Evaluation......Page 202
8.5 Conclusions......Page 203
Exercises......Page 204
9.1 Introduction......Page 206
9.2 Basics of Video Smoothing......Page 207
9.3 A Video Smoothing Algorithm......Page 210
9.4 Live HD Video Streaming......Page 212
9.4.1 Raw Streaming......Page 214
9.4.3 Frame Smoothed Streaming......Page 215
9.5 Impact of Player’s Buffer Size......Page 216
9.6 Impact of Transport Protocols......Page 217
9.7 Peak to Average Rate (PAR)......Page 221
9.8 Multiplexing of Composite VBR Videos......Page 225
9.9 Conclusions......Page 231
Exercises......Page 232
10.1 Introduction......Page 236
10.2 Policy-Based Approach to Bandwidth Management......Page 237
10.2.2 Surplus Bandwidth......Page 238
10.3 Intelligent Resource Management (IRM)......Page 239
10.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Limitation......Page 241
10.4.3 Implementation and Measured Results......Page 243
References......Page 246
Appendix: Optimized MAP Throughput......Page 247
Exercises......Page 249
11.1 Introduction......Page 250
11.2 Measured Performance of a DOCSIS Cable Network......Page 251
11.2.2 Measured Results......Page 252
11.3 A QoS Model for the CMTS Scheduler......Page 255
11.4 Peer-to-Peer File Sharing......Page 256
11.5 Real-Time Peer-to-Peer Streaming......Page 257
11.7 Program Scheduling Challenges......Page 261
11.8 Simulation Model and Results......Page 263
References......Page 266
Exercises......Page 267
12.1 Introduction......Page 268
12.2.1 Suspicious Activity Detection......Page 269
12.2.2 Human Fall Detection......Page 271
12.3.1 Suspicious Activity Detection......Page 273
12.3.2 Human Fall Detection......Page 275
12.3.3 Shadow Removal Enhancement......Page 276
References......Page 278
13.1 Introduction......Page 280
13.1.1 Related Work......Page 281
13.2.1 Motion Pattern Matching......Page 283
13.2.2 Skin Color Matching and Fourier’s Descriptors......Page 285
13.3 Using H.264 Motion Vectors for Motion Tracking......Page 287
13.3.1 Histogram Matching for Trajectory Recognition......Page 289
13.4 Hand Tracking for Mouse Cursor Control......Page 291
13.4.2 Using the Global Motion Vector to Track Trajectory......Page 294
13.4.3 Scrolling When User is Located at Varying Distances......Page 295
13.4.5 Comparison of Trajectory Tracking Methods......Page 297
13.5 Hand Reference Extraction Using a Stereo 3D Webcam......Page 298
13.6 Conclusions......Page 299
References......Page 300
Glossary......Page 302
About the Author......Page 308
Index......Page 310