2D Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

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2D Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
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Contents
Preface
Part I: Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterials
	1. Top-Down Strategies Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Top-Down Strategy Synthesis Method
			1.2.1 Etching
			1.2.2 Mechanical Milling
			1.2.3 Sputtering
		1.3 Laser Ablation
		1.4 Characterizations and Toxicity of 2D Nanomaterials
		1.5 Conclusions
		References
	2. Bottom-Up Strategies for Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterial
			2.2.1 Graphene
			2.2.2 MXenes
			2.2.3 Black Phosphorus
			2.2.4 Hexagonal Boron Nitride
			2.2.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
			2.2.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride
			2.2.7 MOF and COF
		2.3 Synthesis Strategies
			2.3.1 Top-Down
				2.3.1.1 Mechanical Milling
				2.3.1.2 Electrospinning
				2.3.1.3 Lithography
				2.3.1.4 Sputtering
				2.3.1.5 The Arc Discharge Method
				2.3.1.6 Laser Ablation
			2.3.2 Bottom-Up Method
				2.3.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
				2.3.2.2 Sol–Gel Method
				2.3.2.3 Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods
				2.3.2.4 Soſt and Hard Template and Reverse Micelle Methods
		2.4 Bottom-Up Strategies for Synthesis of 2D Nanomaterial
		2.5 Conclusion and Outlook
		References
	3. Unveiling the Intricacies: Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Characterization Techniques
			3.2.1 XRD
			3.2.2 SEM and TEM
			3.2.3 Optical Microscope
			3.2.4 AFM
			3.2.5 XPS
			3.2.6 RAMAN
		3.3 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
	4. Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Structure of 2D Materials
			4.2.1 Graphene
			4.2.2 Black Phosphorous
			4.2.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMDC)
		4.3 Magnetic 2D Materials
		4.4 Origin of Magnetization in 2D Materials
		4.5 Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
		4.6 Conclusion
		References
	5. Electrical, Plasmonic, and Optical Properties of 2D Nanomaterials
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Overview of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials (2D NMs)
		5.3 Electrical Properties of 2D NMs
		5.4 Optical Properties of 2D NMs
		5.5 Plasmonic Properties of 2D NMs
		5.6 Recent Applications of 2D NMs
			5.6.1 2D NMs for BioMedical Application
			5.6.2 2D NMs in the Field of Energy
			5.6.3 2D NMs as Lubricant Additive
		5.7 Challenges and Prospective
		5.8 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part III: Application of 2D Nanomaterials
	6. Challenges Surrounding 2D Nanomaterials and Their Application to Photocatalytic Industrial Wastewater
		Abstract
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Photocatalysis for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
			6.2.1 Principles of Photocatalysis
			6.2.2 Photocatalytic Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
			6.2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Photocatalysis
		6.3 2D Nanomaterials in Photocatalysis
			6.3.1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials and Types Used in Photocatalysis
			6.3.2 Key Properties and Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials
			6.3.3 Role of 2D Nanomaterials in Enhancing Photocatalytic Performance
		6.4 Challenges in Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment
			6.4.1 Synthesis and Fabrication Challenges
			6.4.2 Stability and Degradation Issues
			6.4.3 Efficiency and Selectivity Considerations
			6.4.4 Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness Challenges
		6.5 Strategies to Overcome Challenges
			6.5.1 Improvement of Synthesis and Fabrication Techniques
			6.5.2 Enhancement of Stability and Durability
			6.5.3 Optimization of Photocatalytic Performance
			6.5.4 Economical and Scalable Production Methods
		6.6 Case Studies and Applications
			6.6.1 Examples of Successful Applications of 2D Nanomaterials
			6.6.2 Case Studies in Photocatalytic Industrial Wastewater Treatment
			6.6.3 Lessons Learned and Future Prospects
		6.7 Conclusion
		References
	7. Application of 2D Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
		Abstract
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 2D Nanomaterials for Application of Lithium Ion Batteries
		7.3 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Sodium Ion Batteries
		7.4 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Potassium Ion Batteries
		7.5 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials in Supercapacitors
		Conclusions
		References
	8. Innovation in Photoinduced Antibacterial 2D Nanomaterials
		Abstract
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Antibacterial Applications Based on Graphene- Induced Photostimulation
			8.2.1 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides/Oxides
			8.2.2 Antibacterial Nanomaterials Based on Carbon Nitride
			8.2.3 Antibacterial Nanomaterials Based on Black Phosphorus
			8.2.4 Other 2D Antibacterial Nanomaterials
		8.3 Antibacterial Mechanisms of Graphene-Based Family
			8.3.1 Physical Contact Destruction
			8.3.2 Oxidative Stress
			8.3.3 Disruption of Bacterial Protein Interactions
			8.3.4 Photo-Induced Mechanisms
		8.4 Conclusion
		References
	9. 2D Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery System
		Abstract
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 2D Material Biosynthesis
		9.3 Encapsulation of 2D Materials
		9.4 Hydrogel Encapsulation—2D Materials
		9.5 2D Material Encapsulation—Liposomes
		9.6 2D Supply Encapsulation—Micelle
		9.7 Stimuli Responsive 2D Material SDDSs— Classification
		9.8 Light-Sensitive SDDSs
		9.9 Magnetic Field-Responsive SDDSs
		9.10 Various Response Exhibits Diverse— Advantages/Disadvantages
		9.11 2D Material SDDS Therapy—Cancer
		9.12 Antibacterial
			9.12.1 Central Nervous System
		9.13 Orthopedic
		9.14 Diabetes Mellitus
		9.15 2D Materials in Intelligent Drug Delivery System—Advantages
		9.16 Disadvantages
		9.17 Conclusion and Future Perspective
		Acknowledgements
		References
	10. New Technology 2D Nanomaterials for Neural Tissue Engineering
		Abstract
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Regeneration of Tissue and Organ Repair in Nature
			10.2.1 The ‘Curious Case’ of Lizard: A Nature’s Classic
			10.2.2 Regenerative Capabilities of Amphibians
			10.2.3 Regeneration in Humans
		10.3 Nanotechnology and Neural Tissue Engineering
			10.3.1 Definition of Nanotechnology
				a) Zero Dimensional (0-D)
				b) One Dimensional (1-D)
				c) Two Dimensional (2-D)
				d) Three-Dimensional (3-D)
			10.3.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials or Nanoparticles
		10.4 2D Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering Application
			10.4.1 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering
			10.4.2 Black-Phosphorus (BP)-Based Nanosheets in Tissue Engineering
			10.4.3 Application of 2D Nanoclay in Tissue Engineering
		10.5 2D Nanomaterials and Peripheral Nerve Engineering
			10.5.1 Peripheral Nerve
			10.5.2 Damage and Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve
			10.5.3 Key Features of Nanomaterials in Neural Tissue Engineering
			10.5.4 Mechanism of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Neural Regeneration
				10.5.4.1 Graphene
				10.5.4.2 Graphene Oxide
				10.5.4.3 Black Phosphorus (BP)
		10.6 Application of 2D Nanomaterials in Spinal Cord Repair
		10.7 2D Nanomaterials for Drug/Gene Delivery
		10.8 Challenges and Prospects
		References
	11. Theranostic Approach of 2D Nanomaterials in Breast Cancer
		Abstract
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Applications
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	12. 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		Abstract
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Basics of Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		12.3 2D Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
			12.3.1 Graphene-Based
			12.3.2 Carbon Nitrides
			12.3.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
			12.3.4 MXene
		12.4 Enhancing the Photocatalytic Performance
		12.5 Conclusion and Outlook
		Acknowledgments
		References
	13. Supercapacitor Based on 2D Nanomaterials and Their Hybrid
		Abstract
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Structure Design of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Supercapacitors
		13.3 2D Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Technology
			13.3.a Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs) and Transition Metal Hydroxides (TMHs)-Based Supercapacitor
				13.3.a.1 Transition Metal Oxides
				13.3.a.2 Transition Metal Hydroxides
			13.3.b Transition Metal Carbide/Carbonitride (MXene)-Based Supercapacitor
			13.3.c Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD)-Based Supercapacitor
			13.3.d Black Phosphorous-Based Supercapacitor
		13.4 Conclusions
		References
	14. 2D Nanomaterials Based for Electrocatalytic Application
		Abstract
		14.1 Introduction
			14.1.1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials and Their Unique Properties
			14.1.2 Motivation for Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials in Electrocatalytic Applications
		14.2 Types of 2D Nanomaterials
			14.2.1 Graphene
			14.2.2 Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
			14.2.3 Brief Overview of Their Structures and Properties
		14.3 Electrocatalytic Reactions Enabled by 2D Nanomaterials
			14.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
			14.3.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
			14.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction (CO2RR)
			14.3.4 Synthesis and Characterization Techniques
				14.3.4.1 Synthesis Methods for 2D Nanomaterials
				14.3.4.2 Characterization Techniques for 2D Nanomaterials
				14.3.4.3 Relationship Between Synthesis, Structure, and Electrocatalytic Perfomance
		14.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
			14.4.1 Current Challenges in Utilizing 2D Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Application
			14.4.2 Potential Strategies to Overcome These Challenges
			14.4.3 Future Directions and Emerging Trends in the Field
		14.5 Conclusion
		References
	15. Engineering 2D Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
		Abstract
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		15.3 Nanomaterials for Cancer Treatment
		15.4 Difference of 2D Materials from Bulk Materials
			15.4.1 Graphene
				15.4.1.1 Synthesis of Graphene
				15.4.1.2 Graphene Properties
				15.4.1.3 Applications of Graphene
			15.4.2 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
				15.4.2.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) Synthesis
				15.4.2.2 Properties of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
				15.4.2.3 Applications of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN)
			15.4.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
				15.4.3.1 Synthesis of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
				15.4.3.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) and its Properties
				15.4.3.3 Applications of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs)
		15.5 2DNMS for Next-Generation Quantum and Electronic Devices
		15.6 Functionalized Hybridization of 2D Nanomaterials
		References
	16. The Potential Applications of 2D Nanomaterials for Water Purification
		Abstract
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Contaminants Present in Water
		16.3 2D Nanomaterial-Based Water Purification Membranes
		16.4 Solar Desalination Membrane
		16.5 Filtration Membrane
		16.6 Properties of Widely Used 2DM for Water Purification
			16.6.1 MXene
			16.6.2 g-C3N4
			16.6.3 Black Phosphorus
			16.6.4 Graphene
			16.6.5 h-BN
		16.7 Synthesis of 2DM
			16.7.1 Top-Down Approach
				16.7.1.1 Liquid Exfoliation via Oxidation/Ion Intercalation/ Mechanical Force
				16.7.1.2 Mechanical Cleavage
				16.7.1.3 Ion Exchange
				16.7.1.4 Selective Etching
			16.7.2 Bottom-Up Approach
				16.7.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition
				16.7.2.2 Wet-Chemical (WC) Synthesis
		16.8 Adsorption of Contaminants From Water
			16.8.1 Removal of Ions
			16.8.2 Removal of Heavy Metals
		16.9 Photocatalytic Purification of Water
		16.10 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		References
	17. Insights into the Exciton Dynamics of Functionalized 2D Nanomaterials for Robust Photoelectrochemical Sensing Applications
		Abstract
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Basic Theory and Working Principle of Photoelectrochemical Sensing
		17.3 Experimental Setup of Photoelectrochemical Cell
		17.4 Importance of Photoactive Material in Photoelectrochemical Sensing
		17.5 2D Nanomaterials in Photoelectrochemical Sensing
		17.6 Current Challenges and Future Prospects
		17.7 Conclusion
		References
	18. Fabrication of 2D Nanomaterials-Based Biosensor
		Abstract
		18.1 Introduction
		18.2 2D Nanomaterial Synthesis Strategies
			18.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
		18.3 Role of 2D Materials in Biosensor
			18.3.2 Fluorescence Biosensors
			18.3.3 Colorimetric Biosensor
			18.3.4 Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor
			18.3.5 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
		18.4 Conclusions and Future Prospective
	19. Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD)-Based 2D Nanomaterials for Various Kinds of Rechargeable Batteries
		Abstract
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Synthesis of 2D-TMDCs
		19.3 Applications of 2D-Transition Metal
			19.3.1 Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
			19.3.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries
			19.3.3 Potassium Ion Batteries (PIBs)
			19.3.4 Magnesium Ion Batteries (MIBs)
			19.3.5 Zinc Ion Batteries (ZIBs)
			19.3.6 Lithium Sulfur Batteries (LSBs)
			19.3.7 Aluminum Ion Batteries (AIBs)
		19.4 Conclusion
		References
	20. Effect of 2D Nanomaterial Addition to Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine
		Abstract
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Performance Characteristics
		20.3 Emission Characteristics
		20.4 Conclusion
		References
Index