2020 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment, SI Edition

2020 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Systems and Equipment
	--- MAIN MENU ---
		Home
		Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries
		DISCLAIMER
		SI Table of Contents
		CONTRIBUTORS
		ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPS
		ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life
		Preface
	CHAPTERS
		--- CHAPTER 01: HVAC SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SELECTION ---
			1. Selecting a System
				Additional Goals
				Equipment and System Constraints
				Constructability Constraints
				Narrowing the Choices
			2. HVAC Systems and Equipment
				Centralized System Characteristics
				Air Distribution Systems
			3. Space Requirements
				Equipment Rooms
				Fan Rooms
				Horizontal Distribution
				Vertical Shafts
				Rooftop Equipment
				Equipment Access
			4. Air Distribution
				Air Terminal Units
			8. Maintenance Management
			9. Building System Commissioning
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Sample HVAC System Analysis and Selection Matrix (0 to 10 Score)
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram
		--- CHAPTER 02: DECENTRALIZED COOLING AND HEATING ---
			1. System Characteristics
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			2. Design Considerations
				Air-Side Economizer
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Water-Side Economizer
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			3. Window-Mounted and Through-the- Wall Room HVAC Units
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			4. Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			5. Multiple-Unit Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			6. Residential and Light Commercial Split Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			7. Commercial Self-Contained (Floor- by-Floor) Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			8. Commercial Outdoor Packaged Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			9. Single-Zone VAV Systems
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Design Considerations
			10. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
			11. Maintenance Management
			12. Building System Commissioning
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Multiple-Unit Systems: Single-Zone Unitary HVAC Equipment for Interior and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (PTACs) for Perimeter
				Fig. 2 Vertical Self-Contained Unit
				Fig. 3 Dedicated Outdoor-Air-Conditioning Unit
				Fig. 4 Commercial Self-Contained Unit with Discharge Plenum
		--- CHAPTER 03: CENTRAL COOLING AND HEATING PLANTS ---
			1. System Characteristics
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			2. Design Considerations
				Cooling and Heating Loads
				Security
				System Flow Design
				Energy Recovery and Thermal Storage
			3. Equipment
				Primary Refrigeration Equipment
				Ancillary Refrigeration Equipment
				Primary Heating Equipment
				Ancillary Heating Equipment
			4. Distribution Systems
			5. Sound, Vibration, Seismic, and Wind Considerations
				Sound and Vibration
				Seismic and Wind Issues
			6. Space Considerations
				Location of Central Plant and Equipment
				Central Plant Security
			7. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
				Instrumentation
			8. Maintenance Management Systems
			9. Building System Commissioning
			10. System Replacements and Expansions
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Primary Variable-Flow System
				Fig. 2 Primary (Limited) Variable-Flow System Using Distribution Pressure Control
				Fig. 3 Primary/Secondary Pumping Chilled-Water System
				Fig. 4 Primary/Secondary Pumping Hot-Water System
		--- CHAPTER 04: AIR HANDLING AND DISTRIBUTION ---
			Advantages of All-Air Systems
			Disadvantages of All-Air Systems
			Heating and Cooling Calculations
			Zoning
			Space Heating
			Air Temperature Versus Air Quantity
			Space Pressure
			Other Considerations
			First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs
			Energy in Air Handling
			1. AIR-HANDLING UNITS
				1.1 Air-Handling Unit Psychrometric Processes
					Cooling
					Heating
					Humidification
					Dehumidification
					Air Mixing or Blending
				1.2 Air-Handling Unit Components
					Return Air Fan
					Relief Air Fan
					Automatic Dampers
					Relief Openings
					Return Air Dampers
					Outdoor Air Intakes
					Economizers
					Mixing Plenums
					Static Air Mixers
					Filter Section
					Preheat Coil
					Cooling Coil
					Reheat Coil
					Humidifiers
					Dehumidifiers
					Energy Recovery Devices
					Sound Control Devices
					Supply Air Fan
					Miscellaneous Components
				1.3 Air Distribution
					Ductwork Design
				Primary Equipment
				Air-Handling Equipment
				Central Mechanical Equipment Rooms (MERs)
				Decentralized MERs
				Fans
			2. AIR-HANDLING SYSTEMS
				2.1 Single-Duct Systems
					Constant Volume
					Variable Air Volume (VAV)
				2.2 Dual-Duct Systems
					Constant Volume
					Variable Air Volume
				2.3 Multizone Systems
				2.4 Special Systems
					Primary/Secondary
					Dedicated Outdoor Air
					Underfloor Air Distribution
					Wetted Duct/Supersaturated
					Compressed-Air and Water Spray
					Low-Temperature
					Smoke Control
				2.5 Air Terminal Units
					Constant-Volume Reheat
					Variable Air Volume
					Terminal Humidifiers
					Terminal Filters
				2.6 Air Distribution System Controls
				2.7 Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
				2.8 Maintenance Management System
				2.9 Building System Commissioning
					References
					Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Air-Handling Unit Configurations
				Fig. 2 Direct-Expansion or Chilled-Water Cooling and Dehumidification
				Fig. 3 Direct Spray of Water in Airstream Cooling
				Fig. 4 Supersaturated Evaporative Cooling
				Fig. 5 Steam, Hot-Water, and Electric Heating, and Direct and Indirect Gas- and Oil-Fired Heat Exchangers
				Fig. 6 Direct Spray Humidification
				Fig. 7 Steam Injection Humidification
				Fig. 8 Chemical Dehumidification
				Fig. 9 Constant-Volume System with Reheat
				Fig. 10 Variable-Air-Volume System with Reheat and Induction and Fan-Powered Devices
				Fig. 11 Single-Fan, Dual-Duct System
				Fig. 12 Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct System
				Fig. 13 Multizone System
				Fig. 14 Primary/Secondary System
				Fig. 15 Underfloor Air Distribution
				Fig. 16 Supersaturated/Wetted Coil
		--- CHAPTER 05: IN-ROOM TERMINAL SYSTEMS ---
			1. System Characteristics
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
				Heating and Cooling Calculations
				Space Heating
				Central (Primary-Air) Ventilation Systems
				Central Plant Sizing
				Building Pressurization
				First, Operating, and Maintenance Costs
				Energy
				Life-Cycle Costs
			2. System Components and Configurations
				Components
				Configurations
			3. Secondary-Water Distribution
			4. Piping Arrangements
				Four-Pipe Distribution
				Two-Pipe Distribution
				Three-Pipe Distribution
				Condenser Water Systems with Heat Pump Terminal Units
			5. Fan-Coil Unit and Unit Ventilator Systems
				Types and Location
				Ventilation Air Requirements
				Selection
				Wiring
				Condensate
				Capacity Control
				Maintenance
			6. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Units
			7. Chilled-Beam Systems
				Types and Location
				Ventilation Air Requirements
				Selection
				Wiring
				Condensate
				Capacity Control
				Maintenance
				Other Concerns
			8. Radiant-Panel Heating Systems
				Types and Location
				Ventilation Air Requirements
				Selection
				Wiring
				Capacity Control
				Maintenance
			9. Radiant-Floor Heating Systems
				Types and Location
				Ventilation Air Requirements
				Selection
				Wiring
				Capacity Control
				Maintenance
			10. Induction Unit Systems
			11. Supplemental Heating Units
			12. Primary-Air Systems
			13. Performance Under Varying Load
			14. Changeover Temperature
			15. Two-Pipe Systems with Central Ventilation
				Critical Design Elements
				Changeover Temperature Considerations
				Nonchangeover Design
				Zoning
				Room Control
				Evaluation
				Electric Heat for Two-Pipe Systems
			16. Four-Pipe Systems
				Zoning
				Room Control
				Evaluation
			17. Automatic Controls and Building Management Systems
			18. Maintenance Management Systems and Building System Commissioning
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Fan-Coil Unit
				Fig. 2 Passive and Active Chilled-Beam Operation
				Fig. 3 Primary-Air System
				Fig. 4 Solar Radiation Variations with Seasons
				Fig. 5 Capacity Ranges of In-Room Terminal Operating on Two-Pipe System
				Fig. 6 Primary-Air Temperature Versus Outdoor Air Temperature
				Fig. 7 Psychrometric Chart, Two-Pipe System, Off-Season Cooling
				Fig. 8 Typical Changeover System Temperature Variation
				Fig. 9 Typical Nonchangeover System Variations
				Fig. 10 Fan-Coil Unit Control
		--- CHAPTER 06: RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING ---
			1. PRINCIPLES OF RADIANT SYSTEMS
			1.1 Heat Transfer
				Heat Transfer by Thermal Radiation
				Heat Transfer by Natural Convection
				Combined Heat Flux (Thermal Radiation and Natural Convection)
			1.2 Factors Affecting Heat Transfer
				Panel Thermal Resistance
				Effect of Floor Coverings
				Panel Heat Losses or Gains
				Panel Performance
			1.3 Panel Design
				Special Cases
				Examples
			2. General Design Considerations
			2.1 Hybrid Systems
			3. RADIANT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS
			3.1 Hydronic Ceiling Panels
			3.2 Embedded Systems with Tubing in Ceilings, Walls, or Floors
				Hydronic Wall Panels
				Hydronic Floor Panels
			3.3 Electrically Heated Radiant Systems
				Electric Ceiling Panels
				Electric Wall Heating
				Electric Floor Heating
			4. DESIGN PROCEDURE
				Sensible Cooling
				Sensible Heating
				Other Steps Common for Sensible Heating and Cooling
			4.1 Controls
				Sensible Cooling Controls
				Heating Slab Controls
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Thermal Resistance of Ceiling Panels
				Table 2 Thermal Conductivity of Typical Tube Material
				Table 3 Thermal Resistance of Floor Coverings
				Table 4 Characteristics of Typical Electric Panels
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Radiation Heat Flux at Heated Ceiling, Floor, or Wall Panel Surfaces
				Fig. 2 Heat Removed by Radiation at Cooled Ceiling or Wall Panel Surface
				Fig. 3 Natural-Convection Heat Transfer at Floor, Ceiling, and Wall Panel Surfaces
				Fig. 4 Empirical Data for Heat Removal by Ceiling Cooling Panels from Natural Convection
				Fig. 5 Relation of Inside Surface Temperature to Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
				Fig. 6 Inside Surface Temperature Correction for Exposed Wall at Dry-Bulb Air Temperatures Other Than 21°C
				Fig. 7 Cooled Ceiling Panel Performance in Uniform Environment with No Infiltration and No Internal Heat Sources
				Fig. 8 Downward and Edgewise Heat Loss Coefficient for Concrete Floor Slabs on Grade
				Fig. 9 Design Graph for Sensible Heating and Cooling with Floor and Ceiling Panels
				Fig. 10 Design Graph for Heating with Aluminum Ceiling and Wall Panels
				Fig. 11 Typical Residential Hybrid HVAC System
				Fig. 12 Metal Ceiling Panels Attached to Pipe Laterals
				Fig. 13 Metal Ceiling Panels Bonded to Copper Tubing
				Fig. 14 Extruded Aluminum Panels with Integral Copper Tube
				Fig. 15 Permitted Design Ceiling Surface Temperatures at Various Ceiling Heights
				Fig. 16 Coils in Structural Concrete Slab
				Fig. 17 Coils in Plaster Above Lath
				Fig. 18 Coils in Plaster Below Lath
				Fig. 19 Coils in Floor Slab on Grade
				Fig. 20 Embedded Tube in Thin Slab
				Fig. 21 Tube in Subfloor
				Fig. 22 Tube Under Subfloor
				Fig. 23 Electric Heating Panels
				Fig. 24 Electric Heating for Wet Plaster Ceiling
				Fig. 25 Electric Heating Cable in Concrete Slab
				Fig. 26 Primary/Secondary Water Distribution System with Mixing Control
				Fig. 27 Split Panel Piping Arrangement for Two-Pipe and Four-Pipe Systems
		--- CHAPTER 07: COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEMS ---
			1. Terminology
			2. CHP System Concepts
				2.1 Custom-Engineered Systems
				2.2 Packaged and Modular Systems
				2.3 Load Profiling and Prime Mover Selection
				2.4 Peak Load Shaving
				2.5 Continuous-Duty Standby
				2.6 Power Plant Incremental Heat Rate
			3. Performance Parameters
				3.1 Heating Value
				3.2 CHP Electric Effectiveness
					Power and Heating Systems
				3.3 Fuel Energy Savings
			4. Fuel-to-Power Components
				4.1 Reciprocating Engines
					Types
					Performance Characteristics
					Fuels and Fuel Systems
					Combustion Air
					Lubricating Systems
					Starting Systems
					Cooling Systems
					Exhaust Systems
					Emissions
					Instruments and Controls
					Noise and Vibration
					Installation Ventilation Requirements
					Operation and Maintenance
				4.2 Combustion Turbines
					Types
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Gas Turbine Cycle
					Components
				4.3 Performance Characteristics
					Fuels and Fuel Systems
					Combustion Air
					Lubricating Systems
					Starting Systems
					Exhaust Systems
					Emissions
					Instruments and Controls
					Noise and Vibration
					Operation and Maintenance
				4.4 Fuel Cells
					Types
			5. Thermal-to-Power Components
				5.1 Steam Turbines
					Types
					Performance Characteristics
					Fuel Systems
					Lubricating Oil Systems
					Power Systems
					Exhaust Systems
					Instruments and Controls
					Operation and Maintenance
				5.2 Organic Rankine Cycles
				5.3 Expansion Engines/Turbines
				5.4 Stirling Engines
					Types
					Performance Characteristics
					Fuel Systems
					Power Systems
					Exhaust Systems
					Coolant Systems
					Operation and Maintenance
			6. Thermal-to-Thermal Components
				6.1 Thermal Output Characteristics
					Reciprocating Engines
					Combustion Turbines
				6.2 Heat Recovery
					Reciprocating Engines
					Combustion Turbines
					Steam Turbines
				6.3 Thermally Activated Technologies
					Heat-Activated Chillers
					Desiccant Dehumidification
					Hot Water and Steam Heat Recovery
					Thermal Energy Storage Technologies
			7. Electrical Generators and Components
				7.1 Generators
			8. System Design
				8.1 CHP Electricity-Generating Systems
					Thermal Loads
					Prime Mover Selection
					Air Systems
					Hydronic Systems
					Service Water Heating
					District Heating and Cooling
					Utility Interfacing
					Power Quality
					Output Energy Streams
				8.2 CHP Shaft-Driven HVAC and Refrigeration Systems
					Engine-Driven Systems
					Combustion-Turbine-Driven Systems
					Steam-Turbine-Driven Systems
			9. Codes and Installation
				9.1 General Installation Parameters
				9.2 Utility Interconnection
				9.3 Air Permits
				9.4 Building, Zoning, and Fire Codes
					Zoning
					Building Code/Structural Design
					Mechanical/Plumbing Code
					Fire Code
					Electrical Connection
			10. Economic Evaluation
				CHP Application Assessment
				Types and Scope of CHP Studies
				CHP System Modeling Techniques
				CHP Feasibility Study for New Facilities
				Tools and Software for Feasibility Study
				10.1 Load Profiles and Load Duration Curves
					Load Duration Curve Analysis
					Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve
					Analysis by Simulations
					References
					Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Applications and Markets for DG/CHP Systems
				Table 2 Values of  for Conventional Thermal Generation Technologies
				Table 3 Summary of Results from Examples 1 to 5
				Table 4 Summary of Results Assuming 33% Efficient Combustion Turbine
				Table 5 Typical  Values
				Table 6 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 25% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5
				Table 7 Summary of Fuel Energy Savings for 33% Power Generator in Examples 1 to 5
				Table 8 Reciprocating Engine Types by Speed (Available MW Ratings)
				Table 9 Line Regulator Pressures
				Table 10 Ventilation Air for Engine Equipment Rooms
				Table 11 Exhaust Pipe Diameter
				Table 12 Recommended Engine Maintenance
				Table 13 Overview of Fuel Cell Characteristics
				Table 14 Theoretical Steam Rates For Turbines at Common Conditions, kgkWh
				Table 15 NEMA Classification of Speed Governors
				Table 16 Temperatures Normally Required for Various Heating Applications
				Table 17 Full-Load Exhaust Mass Flows andTemperatures for Various Engines
				Table 18 Generator Control Functions
				Table 19 Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Engine-Driven Chillers
				Table 20 Typical Efficiency of Engine-Driven Refrigeration Equipment (Ammonia Screw Compressor)
			Figures
				Fig. 1 CHP Cycles
				Fig. 2 Dual-Service Applications
				Fig. 3 Conventional Boiler for Example 1
				Fig. 4 Power-Only Generator for Example 1
				Fig. 5 Performance Parameters for Combined Systemfor Example 2
				Fig. 6 CHP Power and Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 2
				Fig. 7 Performance Parameters for Example 3
				Fig. 8 CHP Power and Direct Heating Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 3
				Fig. 9 Performance Parameters for Example 4
				Fig. 10 CHP Power and HRSG Heating Without Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 4
				Fig. 11 Cofiring Performance Parameters for Example 5
				Fig. 12 CHP Power and HRSG Heating with Duct Burner Energy Boundary Diagram for Example 5
				Fig. 13 Electric Effectiveness E Versus Overall Efficiency O
				Fig. 14 Efficiency (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines
				Fig. 15 Heat Rate (HHV) of Spark Ignition Engines
				Fig. 16 Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of Spark Ignition Engines (Jacket and Exhaust Energy)
				Fig. 17 Part-Load Heat Rate (HHV) of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines
				Fig. 18 Part-Load Thermal-to-Electric Ratio of 1430, 425, and 85 kW Gas Engines
				Fig. 19 Typical Reciprocating Engine Exhaust Noise Curves
				Fig. 20 Typical Attenuation Curves for Engine Silencers
				Fig. 21 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Brayton Cycle
				Fig. 22 Simple-Cycle Single-Shaft Turbine
				Fig. 23 Simple-Cycle Dual-Shaft Turbines
				Fig. 24 Turbine Engine Performance Characteristics
				Fig. 25 Gas Turbine Refrigeration System Using Exhaust Heat
				Fig. 26 CHP System Boundary
				Fig. 27 PAFC
				Fig. 28 SOFC
				Fig. 29 MCFC
				Fig. 30 PEMFC
				Fig. 31 AFC
				Fig. 32 Basic Types of Axial Flow Turbines
				Fig. 33 Isentropic Versus Actual Turbine Process
				Fig. 34 Efficiency of Typical Multistage Turbines
				Fig. 35 Effect of Inlet Pressure and Superheat on Condensing Turbine
				Fig. 36 Effect of Exhaust Pressure on Noncondensing Turbine
				Fig. 37 Single-Stage Noncondensing Turbine Efficiency
				Fig. 38 Effect of Extraction Rate on Condensing Turbine
				Fig. 39 Oil Relay Governor
				Fig. 40 Part-Load Turbine Performance Showing Effect of Auxiliary Valves
				Fig. 41 Multivalve Oil Relay Governor
				Fig. 42 Cutaway Core of a Kinematic Stirling Engine
				Fig. 43 Cutaway Core of a Free-Piston Stirling Engine
				Fig. 44 Heat Balance for Naturally Aspirated Engine
				Fig. 45 Heat Balance for Turbocharged Engine
				Fig. 46 Hot-Water Heat Recovery
				Fig. 47 Hot-Water Engine Cooling with Steam Heat Recovery (Forced Recirculation)
				Fig. 48 Engine Cooling with Gravity Circulation and Steam Heat Recovery
				Fig. 49 Lubricant and Aftercooler System
				Fig. 50 Exhaust Heat Recovery with Steam Separator
				Fig. 51 Effect of Soot on Energy Recovery from Flue Gas Recovery Unit on Diesel Engine
				Fig. 52 Automatic Boiler System with Overriding Exhaust Temperature Control
				Fig. 53 Combined Exhaust and Jacket Water Heat Recovery System
				Fig. 54 Effect of Lowering Exhaust Temperature below 150°C
				Fig. 55 Back-Pressure Turbine
				Fig. 56 Integration of Back-Pressure Turbine with Facility
				Fig. 57 Condensing Automatic Extraction Turbine
				Fig. 58 Automatic Extraction Turbine CHP System
				Fig. 59 Performance Map of Automatic Extraction Turbine
				Fig. 60 Hybrid Heat Recovery Absorption Chiller-Heater
				Fig. 61 Typical Generator Efficiency
				Fig. 62 Typical Heat Recovery Cycle for Gas Turbine
				Fig. 63 Performance Curve for Typical 350 kW, Gas-Engine-Driven, Reciprocating Chiller
				Fig. 64 Typical Gas Turbine Refrigeration Cycle
				Fig. 65 Condensing Turbine-Driven Centrifugal Compressor
				Fig. 66 Combination Centrifugal-Absorption System
				Fig. 67 Hypothetical Steam Load Profile
				Fig. 68 Load Duration Curve
				Fig. 69 Load Duration Curve with Multiple Generators
				Fig. 70 Hypothetical Peaking Generator
				Fig. 71 Example of Two-Dimensional Load Duration Curve
		--- CHAPTER 08: COMBUSTION TURBINE INLET COOLING ---
			1. Advantages
				Economic Benefits
				Environmental Benefits
			2. Disadvantages
			3. Definition and Theory
			4. System Types
				Evaporative Systems
				Chiller Systems
				LNG Vaporization Systems
				Hybrid Systems
			5. Calculation of Power Capacity Enhancement and Economics
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Typical Combined-Cycle, Simple-Cycle, and Steam Turbine Systems
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Output
				Fig. 2 Effect of Ambient Temperature on CT Heat Rate
				Fig. 3 Effects of Ambient Temperature on Thermal Energy, Mass Flow Rate and Temperature of CT Exhaust Gases
				Fig. 4 Typical Hourly Power Demand Profile
				Fig. 5 Example of Daily System Load and Electric Energy Pricing Profiles
				Fig. 6 Schematic Flow Diagram of Typical Combustion 
Turbine System
				Fig. 7 Psychrometric Chart Showing Direct and Indirect Inlet Air Cooling Processes
				Fig. 8 Typical Wetted Media
				Fig. 9 Water Fog Created for Fogging System
				Fig. 10 Cooling Coil Used for Indirect Cooling Chiller Systems
				Fig. 11 Examples of Effect of CTIC Technology and Ambient Condition on Capacity Enhancement Potential
				Fig. 12 Example of Effects of CTIC Technology and Ambient Condition on Unitized Capital Cost of 
Capacity Enhancement
		--- CHAPTER 09: APPLIED HEAT PUMP AND HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS ---
			1. TERMINOLOGY
			2. APPLIED HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
			2.1 Heat Pump Cycles
			2.2 Heat Sources and Sinks
				Air
				Water
				Ground
				Solar Energy
			2.3 Types of Heat Pumps
			2.4 Heat Pump Components
				Compressors
				Heat Transfer Components
				Refrigeration Components
				Controls
				Supplemental Heating
			2.5 Industrial Process Heat Pumps
				Closed-Cycle Systems
				Open-Cycle and Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump Systems
				Heat Recovery Design Principles
			3. APPLIED HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEMS
			3.1 Waste Heat Recovery
				General Considerations
				Applications of Waste Heat Recovery
				Alternative Heat Sources
				Locating the Heat Recovery Heat Pump
				Specific Considerations of Condenser-Side Recovery
				Specific Considerations of Evaporator-Side Recovery
				Special Considerations of Double-Bundle Heat Recovery
				Selecting a Compressor Type
				Pumping Considerations
				HRHP Selection
				Example
			3.2 Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems
				Description
				Design Considerations
				Controls
				Advantages of a WLHP System
				Limitations of a WLHP System
			3.3 Balanced Heat Recovery Systems
				Definition
				Heat Redistribution
				Heat Balance Concept
				Heat Balance Studies
				General Applications
				Multiple Buildings
			3.4 Heat Pumps in District Heating and Cooling Systems
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Heat Pump Sources and Sinks
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Closed Vapor Compression Cycle
				Fig. 2 Mechanical Vapor Recompression Cycle with 
Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 3 Open Vapor Recompression Cycle
				Fig. 4 Heat-Driven Rankine Cycle
				Fig. 5 Heat Pump Types
				Fig. 6 Comparison of Parallel and Staged Operation 
for Air-Source Heat Pumps
				Fig. 7 Suction Line Separator for Protection Against  Liquid Floodback
				Fig. 8 Liquid Subcooling Coil in Ventilation Air Supply 
to Increase Heating Effect and Heating COP
				Fig. 9 Typical Increase in Heating Capacity Resulting from 
Using Liquid Subcooling Coil
				Fig. 10 Dehumidification Heat Pump
				Fig. 11 Air-to-Water Heat Pump
				Fig. 12 Cooling Tower Heat Recovery Heat Pump
				Fig. 13 Effluent Heat Recovery Heat Pump
				Fig. 14 Refrigeration Heat Recovery Heat Pump
				Fig. 15 Condensing Ammonia Heat Pump
				Fig. 16 Closed-Cycle Vapor Compression System
				Fig. 17 Recompression of Boiler-Generated Process Steam
				Fig. 18 Single-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator
				Fig. 19 Multiple-Effect Heat Pump Evaporator
				Fig. 20 Distillation Heat Pump System
				Fig. 21 Heat Recovery Heat Pump System in a Rendering Plant
				Fig. 22 Semi-Open-Cycle Heat Pump in a Textile Plant
				Fig. 23 Possible Heat Recovery Heat Pump Locations
				Fig. 24 Primary/Secondary, Equal Loading
				Fig. 25 Variable Primary Flow Example
				Fig. 26 HRHP Application Flowchart
				Fig. 27 Heat Balance Chart
				Fig. 28 Selection of Simultaneous 
Heating and Cooling HRHP
				Fig. 29 Operating Areas for Simultaneous HRHP
				Fig. 30 Heat Recovery System Using Water-to-Air Heat 
Pumps in a Closed Loop
				Fig. 31 Closed-Loop Heat Pump System with Thermal 
Storage and Optional Solar-Assist Collectors
				Fig. 32 Secondary Heat Recovery from WLHP System
				Fig. 33 Cooling Tower with Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 34 Major Load Components
				Fig. 35 Composite Plot of Loads in Figure 34
				Fig. 36 Non-Heat-Recovery System
		--- CHAPTER 10: SMALL FORCED-AIR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS ---
			1. Components
				Heating and Cooling Units
				Ducts
				Accessory Equipment
				Controls
			2. Common System Problems
			3. System Design
				Estimating Heating and Cooling Loads
				Locating Outlets, Returns, Ducts, and Equipment
				Selecting Heating and Cooling Equipment
				Determining Airflow Requirements
				Finalize Duct Design and Size
				Selecting Supply and Return Grilles and Registers
			4. Detailed Duct Design
				Detailing the Duct Configuration
				Detailing the Distribution Design
				Duct Design Recommendations
				Zone Control for Small Systems
				Duct Sizing for Zone Damper Systems
				Box Plenum Systems Using Flexible Duct
				Embedded Loop Ducts
			5. Small Commercial Systems
				Air Distribution in Small Commercial Buildings
				Controlling Airflow in New Buildings
			6. Testing for Duct Efficiency
				Data Inputs
				Data Output
				Standards
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 General Characteristics of Supply Outlets
				Table 2 Recommended Division of Duct Pressure Loss
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Heating and Cooling Components
				Fig. 2 Sample Floor Plans for Locating Ductwork in Second Floor of (A) Two-Story House and (B) Townhouse
				Fig. 3 Sample Floor Plans for One-Story House with (A) Dropped Ceilings, (B) Ducts in Conditioned Spaces, and(C) Right-Sized Air Distribution in Conditioned Spaces
				Fig. 4 (A) Ducts in Unconditioned Spaces and (B) Standard Air Distribution System in Unconditioned Spaces
				Fig. 5 Entrance Fittings to Eliminate Unstable Airflow in Box Plenum
				Fig. 6 Dimensions for Efficient Box Plenum
		--- CHAPTER 11: STEAM SYSTEMS ---
			1. Advantages
			2. Fundamentals
			3. Effects of Water , Air , and Gases
			4. Heat Transfer
			5. Basic Steam System Design
			6. Steam Source
				Boilers
				Heat Recovery and Waste Heat Boilers
				Heat Exchangers
			7. Boiler Connections
				Supply Piping
				Return Piping
			8. Design Steam Pressure
			9. Piping
				Supply Piping Design Considerations
				Terminal Equipment Piping Design Considerations
				Return Piping Design Considerations
			10. Condensate Removal from Temperature-Regulated Equipment
			11. Steam Traps
				Thermostatic Traps
				Mechanical Traps
				Kinetic Traps
			12. Pressure-Reducing Valves
				Installation
				Valve Size Selection
			13. Terminal Equipment
				Selection
				Natural Convection Units
				Forced-Convection Units
			14. Convection Steam Heating
				One-Pipe Steam Heating Systems
				Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems
			15. Steam Distribution
			16. Temperature Control
			17. Heat Recovery
				Flash Steam
				Direct Heat Recovery
			18. Combined Steam and Water Systems
			19. Commissioning
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Properties of Saturated Steam
				Table 2 Pressure Differential Temperature Control
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Exhaust Heat Boiler
				Fig. 2 Typical Boiler Connections
				Fig. 3 Boiler with Gravity Return
				Fig. 4 Method of Dripping Steam Mains
				Fig. 5 Trap Discharging to Overhead Return
				Fig. 6 Trapping Strainers
				Fig. 7 Trapping Multiple Coils
				Fig. 8 Recommended Steam Trap Piping
				Fig. 9 Trapping Temperature-Regulated Coils
				Fig. 10 Steam Traps
				Fig. 11 Pressure-Reducing Valve Connections: Single-Stage
				Fig. 12 Two-Stage Pressure-Reducing Valve
				Fig. 13 One-Third/Two-Thirds Pressure-Reducing Valve Station
				Fig. 14 One-Pipe System
				Fig. 15 Two-Pipe System
				Fig. 16 Inlet Orifice
				Fig. 17 Orifice Capacities for Different Pressure Differentials
				Fig. 18 Flash Steam
				Fig. 19 Vertical Flash Tank
				Fig. 20 Flash Tank Diameters
		--- CHAPTER 12: DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING ---
			Applicability
			Components
			Environmental Benefits
			1. SYSTEM MASTER PLANNING
			1.1 Economic Considerations
				Consumer Economics
				Producer Economics
				District Energy Economic Comparison
			2. CENTRAL PLANT
			2.1 Heating and Cooling Production
				Heating Medium
				Steam and Hot Water Generation
				Chilled-Water Generation
				Thermal Storage
				Auxiliaries
			2.2 Chilled-Water Distribution Design Considerations
				Constant Flow
				Variable Flow
				Chilled-Water System Design Guidelines
			3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
			3.1 Hydraulic Considerations
				Objectives of Hydraulic Design
				Water Hammer
				Pressure Losses
				Pipe Sizing
				Network Calculations
				Condensate Drainage and Return in Steam Systems
			3.2 Thermal Considerations
				Thermal Design Conditions
				Thermal Properties of Pipe Insulation and Soil
			3.3 Methods of Heat Transfer Analysis
				Calculation of Undisturbed Soil Temperatures
				Convective Heat Transfer at Ground Surface
				Uninsulated Buried Pipe
				Insulated Buried Pipe
				Buried Pipe in Conduit with Air Space
				Buried Pipe with Composite Insulation
				Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space
				Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
				Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels
				Pipes in Shallow Trenches
				Buried Pipes with Other Geometries
				Pipes in Air
				Economical Thickness for Pipe Insulation
			3.4 Expansion Provisions
				Pipe Supports, Guides, and Anchors
			3.5 Distribution System Construction
			Tables
				Table 1 Summary of Economic Analysis Factors
				Table 2 Annual Utility Consumption Summary for Central Plant Alternatives
				Table 3 Estimates of Annual Maintenance and Utility Costsand Commercial Tower Costs
				Table 4 LLC Example of District Cooling Evaluation
				Table 5 Chiller Technology
				Table 6 Summary Table of Chiller Characteristics
				Table 7 Comparison of Commonly Used Insulations in Underground Piping Systems
				Table 8 Effect of Moisture on Underground Piping System Insulations
				Table 9 Soil Thermal Conductivities
				Table 10 Effect of Interior Insulation Thickness on Exterior Insulation Temperature (Example 6)
				Table 11 Effects of Soil Thermal Conductivity and Burial Depth on Exterior Insulation Temperature (Example 6)
				Table 12 Relative Merits of Piping Materials Commonly Used for District Cooling Distribution Systems
				Table 13 Relative Merits of Direct and Indirect Consumer Interconnection
				Table 14 Conversion Suitability of Heating System by Type
				Table 15 Measuring Points and Derivative Parametersfor Remote Monitoring and Control of Indirect
				Table 16 Flowmeter Characteristics
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Major Components of District Heating System
				Fig. 2 Master Planning Pyramid
				Fig. 3 Breakdown of Life-Cycle Cost by Components for Example 1
				Fig. 4 Layout for Hot-Water/Chilled-Water Plant
				Fig. 5 Constant-Flow Primary Distribution with Secondary Pumping
				Fig. 6 Variable-Flow Primary/Secondary Systems
				Fig. 7 Uninsulated Buried Pipe
				Fig. 8 Insulated Buried Pipe with Air Space
				Fig. 9 Two Pipes Buried in Common Conduit with Air Space
				Fig. 10 Two Buried Pipes or Conduits
				Fig. 11 Pipes in Buried Trenches or Tunnels
				Fig. 12 Slide and Guide Detail
				Fig. 13 Relative Costs for Piping Alone, Uninsulated
				Fig. 14 Walk-Through Tunnel
				Fig. 15 Concrete Surface Trench
				Fig. 16 Deep-Bury Small Tunnel (Boxed Conduit)
				Fig. 17 Poured Insulation System
				Fig. 18 Field-Installed, Direct-Buried Rigid Closed-CellInsulation System
				Fig. 19 Conduit System Components
				Fig. 20 Corrosion Rate in Aggressive Environment Similar to Mild Steel Casings in Soil
				Fig. 21 Conduit System with Annular Air Space and Single Carrier Pipe
				Fig. 22 Conduit System with Two Carrier Pipes and Annular Air Space
				Fig. 23 Conduit System with Single Carrier Pipe and No Air Space (WSL)
				Fig. 24 Conduit Casing Temperature Versus Soil Thermal Conductivity
				Fig. 25 Direct Connection of Building System to District Chilled Water with Building Pumps
				Fig. 26 Direct Connection of Building System to District Chilled Water Without Building Pumps
				Fig. 27 Direct Connection of Building System to District Hot Water
				Fig. 28 Indirect Connection of Building System to District Chilled Water
				Fig. 29 Basic Cascading Indirect Heating-System Schematic
				Fig. 30 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Recovery Steam System
				Fig. 31 District/Building Interconnection with Heat Exchange Steam System
				Fig. 32 Plate Heat-Exchanger Performance with Constant Flow on Customer Side and Customer-Side Supply Temperature of 5.6°C
				Fig. 33 Plate Heat-Exchanger Performance with Variable Flow on Customer Side and Customer-Side Supply Temperature of 5.6°C
		--- CHAPTER 13: HYDRONIC HEATING AND COOLING ---
			Principles
			1. TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATIONS
			2. CLOSED WATER SYSTEMS
			2.1 Method of Design
			2.2 Thermal Components
				Loads
				Load Devices
				Source
				Expansion Chamber
			2.3 Hydraulic Components
				Pump or Pumping System
				Variable-Speed Pumping Application
				Pump Connection
				Distribution System
				Expansion Chamber
			2.4 Piping Circuits
			2.5 Capacity Control of Load System
				Sizing Control Valves
				Alternatives to Control Valves
			2.6 Low-Temperature Heating Systems
				Nonresidential Heating Systems
			2.7 Chilled-Water Systems
			2.8 Dual-Temperature Systems
				Two-Pipe Systems
				Two-Pipe Dual-Temperature Chilled-Water Systems
				Four-Pipe Common Load Systems
				Four-Pipe Independent Load Systems
			2.9 Other Design Considerations
				Makeup and Fill Water Systems
				Safety Relief Valves
				Air Elimination
				Drain and Shutoff
				Balance Fittings
				Pitch
				Strainers
				Thermometers
				Flexible Connectors and Pipe Expansion Compensation
				Gage Cocks
				Insulation
				Condensate Drains
				Common Pipe
			2.10 Other Design Procedures
				Preliminary Equipment Layout
				Final Pipe Sizing and Pressure Drop Determination
				Freeze Prevention
			2.11 Antifreeze Solutions
				Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow
				Effect on Heat Source or Chiller
				Effect on Terminal Units
				Effect on Pump Performance
				Effect on Piping Pressure Loss
				Installation and Maintenance
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Chilled-Water Coil Performance
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Fundamental Components of Hydronic System
				Fig. 2 Henry’s Constant Versus Temperature for Air and Water
				Fig. 3 Solubility Versus Temperature and Pressure for Air/Water Solutions
				Fig. 4 Example of Manufacturer’s Published Pump Curve
				Fig. 5 Pump Curve and System Curve
				Fig. 6 Shift of System Curve Caused by Circuit Unbalance
				Fig. 7 General Pump Operating Condition Effects
				Fig. 8 Operating Conditions for Parallel-Pump Installation
				Fig. 9 Operating Conditions for Series-Pump Installation
				Fig. 10 Compound Pumping (Primary/Secondary Pumping)
				Fig. 11 Example of Variable-Speed Pump System Schematic
				Fig. 12 Example of Variable-Speed Pump and System Curves
				Fig. 13 System Curve with System Static Pressure(Control Area)
				Fig. 14 Typical System Curves for Closed System
				Fig. 15 Tank Pressure Related to System Pressure
				Fig. 16 Effect of Expansion Tank Location with Respect to Pump Pressure
				Fig. 17 Flow Diagram of Simple Series Circuit
				Fig. 18 Series Loop System
				Fig. 19 One-Pipe Diverting Tee System
				Fig. 20 Series Circuit with Load Pumps
				Fig. 21 Direct- and Reverse-Return Two-Pipe Systems
				Fig. 22 Load Control Valves
				Fig. 23 System Flow with Two-Way and Three-Way Valves
				Fig. 24 Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic
				Fig. 25 Equal-Percentage Valve Characteristic with Authority
				Fig. 26 Control Valve and Coil Response, Inherent and 50% Authority
				Fig. 27 Control Valve and Coil Response, 33% Authority
				Fig. 28 Coil Valve and Coil Response, 10% Authority
				Fig. 29 Load Pumps with Valve Control
				Fig. 30 Schematic of Variable-Speed Pump Coil Control
				Fig. 31 Example of Series-Connected Loading
				Fig. 32 Heat Emission Versus Flow Characteristic of Typical Hot-Water Heating Coil
				Fig. 33 Generic Chilled-Water Coil Heat Transfer Characteristic
				Fig. 34 Recommendations for Coil Flow Tolerance to Maintain 97% Design Heat Transfer
				Fig. 35 Constant-Flow Chilled-Water System
				Fig. 36 Variable-Flow Chilled-Water System
				Fig. 37 Simplified Diagram of Two-Pipe System
				Fig. 38 Dual-Temperature Chilled-Water Systems Using Sources with Different Design Chilled-Water Temperatures
				Fig. 39 Dual-Temperature Chilled-Water System Using Three Chillers
				Fig. 40 Example Four-Pipe Common Load System
				Fig. 41 Four-Pipe Independent Load System
				Fig. 42 Typical Makeup Water and Expansion Tank Piping Configuration for Plain Steel Expansion Tank
				Fig. 43 Pressure Increase Resulting from Thermal Expansion as Function of Temperature Increase
				Fig. 44 Example of Effect of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol Solutions on Heat Exchanger Output
				Fig. 45 Effect of Viscosity on Pump Characteristics
				Fig. 46 Pressure Drop Correction for Glycol Solutions
		--- CHAPTER 14: CONDENSER WATER SYSTEMS ---
			1. Once-Through City Water Systems
			2. Open Cooling Tower Systems
				Air and Vapor Precautions
				Pump Selection and Pressure Calculations
				Water Treatment
				Freeze Protection and Winter Operation
			3. Low-Temperature (Water Economizer) Systems
			4. Closed-Circuit Evaporative Coolers
			5. Other Sources of Water
			6. Overpressure Caused by Thermal Fluid Expansion
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Condenser Connections for Once-Through City Water System
				Fig. 2 Cooling Tower Piping System
				Fig. 3 Schematic Piping Layout Showing Static and Suction Pressure
				Fig. 4 Cooling Tower Piping to Avoid Freeze-Up
				Fig. 5 Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooler System
		--- CHAPTER 15: MEDIUM- AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE WATER HEATING ---
			1. System Characteristics
			3. Design Considerations
				Direct-Contact Heaters (Cascades)
				System Circulating Pumps
			4. Distribution Piping Design
			5. Heat Exchangers
			6. Air-Heating Coils
			7. Space-Heating Equipment
			8. Instrumentation and Controls
			9. Water Treatment
			10. Heat Storage
			11. Safety Considerations
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Properties of Water, 100 to 210°C
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Relation of Saturation Pressure and Enthalpy to Water Temperature
				Fig. 2 Elements of High-Temperature Water System
				Fig. 3 Density and Specific Heat of Water
				Fig. 4 Inert-Gas Pressurization for Primary-Pumped System
				Fig. 5 Inert-Gas Pressurization for Primary/Secondary-Pumped System
				Fig. 6 Inert-Gas Pressurization Using Variable Gas Quantity with Gas Recovery
				Fig. 7 Cascade HTW System
				Fig. 8 Cascade HTW System Combined with Boiler Feedwater Preheating
				Fig. 9 Control Diagram for HTW Generator
				Fig. 10 Heat Exchanger Connections
		--- CHAPTER 16: INFRARED RADIANT HEATING ---
			1. Energy Conservation
			2. Infrared Energy Sources
				Gas Infrared
				Electric Infrared
				Oil Infrared
			3. System Efficiency
			4. Reflectors
			5. Controls
			6. Precautions
			7. Maintenance
			8. Design Considerations for Beam Radiant Heaters
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Characteristics of Typical Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters
				Table 2 Characteristics of Four Electric Infrared Elements
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Types of Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 2 Common Electric Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 3 Relative Absorptance and Reflectance of Skin andTypical Clothing Surfaces
				Fig. 4 Projected Area Factor for Seated Persons, Nude and Clothed
				Fig. 5 Projected Area Factor for Standing Persons, Nude and Clothed
				Fig. 6 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 7 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Electric Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 8 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Narrow-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 9 Radiant Heat Flux Distribution Curve of Typical Broad-Beam High-Intensity Atmospheric Gas-Fired Infrared Heaters
				Fig. 10 Calculation of Total ERF from Three Gas-Fired Heaters on Worker Standing at Positions A Through E
		--- CHAPTER 17: ULTRAVIOLET LAMP SYSTEMS ---
			1. Terminology
			2. UVGI Fundamentals
				Microbial Dose Response
				Susceptibility of Microorganisms to UV Energy
			3. Lamps and power supplies
				Types of UV-C Lamps
				UV-C Lamp Drivers or Ballasts
				Germicidal Lamp Cooling and Heating Effects
				UV-C Lamp Aging
				UV-C Lamp Irradiance
				UV-C Photodegradation of Materials
			4. Maintenance
				Lamp Replacement
				Lamp Disposal
				Visual Inspection
			5. Safety
				Hazards of Ultraviolet Radiation to Humans
				Sources of UV Exposure
				Exposure Limits
				UV Radiation Measurements for Upper Air Applications
				Safety Design Guidance
				Personnel Safety Training
				Lamp Breakage
			6. Unit Conversions
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Representative Members of Organism Groups
				Table 2 Summary of UV-C Resistance Ratings of Tested Materials (High UV Dose Results)
				Table 3 Permissible Exposure Times for Given Effective Irradiance Levels of UV-C Energy at 253.7 nm
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Relative UV-C Germicidal Efficiency
				Fig. 2 General Ranking of Susceptibility to UV-C Inactivation of Microorganisms by Group
				Fig. 3 Typical Hot-Cathode UVGI Lamp
				Fig. 4 Example of Lamp Output as Function of Cold-Spot Temperature
				Fig. 5 Windchill Effect on Typical Low-Pressure UV-C Lamp Efficiency in Moving Airstream at 21°C
				Fig. 6 Diagram of Irradiance Calculation
		--- CHAPTER 18: VARIABLE REFRIGERANT FLOW ---
			System Types
			VRF Applications
			Zoned Comfort
			Indoor Air Quality
			Annual Operating Efficiency Characteristics
			Local and Remote Monitoring
			Life-Cycle Cost Comparison
			1. Standards
			2. Equipment
				Air-Source Outdoor and Water-Source Units
				Indoor Unit Types
				System Controls
				System Expansion or Reconfiguration
			3. VRF System Operation
				Load Management
				Cooling Operation
				Heating Operation
				Saturation Temperature Reset
				Heat Recovery Operation
				Defrost Operation
				Oil Recovery Management
				Humidity Control
				High-Heating-Performance Air-Source VRF Units
			4. Modeling Considerations
			5. Design Considerations
				Water-Source VRF Systems
				Air-Source VRF Systems
				Low External Ambient Heating-Dominant Applications
				Integration with Supplemental Heating Sources
				Outdoor Air Economizer
				Generating Radiant Heating/Cooling and Domestic Hot Water
			6. VRF System Design Example
				Performing a Load-Profile Analysis
				System Type Selection, Zoning, and Potential for Heat Recovery
				Accurately Sizing Air-Source Outdoor and Indoor Units
				Selecting Indoor Units
				Ventilation Air Strategy
				Refrigerant Piping
				Refrigerant Piping Guidelines
				Controls
				Safety Considerations for Refrigerants
				Fault Tree Analysis
				Optimizing VRF Systems to Minimize Environmental Impact
			7. Commissioning
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 VRF Multisplit System Classifications
				Table 2 Examples of Typical Refrigerant Values
				Table 3 Minimum Fan-Cooling Unit Size Requiring Economizer for Comfort Cooling
				Table 4 Peak Load Profile
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Compressor Frequency
				Fig. 2 Cooling-Only and Heat Pump VRF System
				Fig. 3 Two-Pipe Heat Recovery VRF System
				Fig. 4 Three-Pipe Heat Recovery VRF System Examples
				Fig. 5 Common VRF Indoor Unit Types
				Fig. 6 Controls System Example
				Fig. 7 Typical VRF Enthalpy-Pressure Chart
				Fig. 8 Two-Pipe VRF Heat Recovery System Operation
				Fig. 9 Three-Pipe Heat Recovery System Operation
				Fig. 10 Multilayer Heat Recovery Operation
				Fig. 11 Flash Injection Schematic
				Fig. 12 Staged Compression Cycle Schematic
				Fig. 13 Example System Zoning
				Fig. 14 Heating Output Derating Chart
				Fig. 15 Maximum Refrigerant Piping Length Capacity Correction Factor
				Fig. 16 Cooling Output Derating Chart
				Fig. 17 Indoor Unit Layout
		--- CHAPTER 19: DUCT CONSTRUCTION ---
			1. Building Code Requirements
			2. Pressure Classifications
			3. Duct Cleaning
			4. HVAC System Leakage
				System Sealing
				Sealants
				Leakage Testing
				Responsibilities
			5. Air-Handling Unit Leakage
			6. Residential and Commercial Duct Construction
				Terminology
				Buildings and Spaces
				Round, Flat Oval, and Rectangular Ducts
				Fibrous Glass Ducts
				Phenolic Ducts
				Flexible Ducts
				Hangers and Supports
				Installation
				Plenums and Apparatus Casings
				Acoustical Treatment
			7. Industrial Duct Construction
				Materials
				Round Ducts
				Rectangular Ducts
				Construction Details
				Hangers
			8. Antimicrobial-Treated Ducts
			9. Duct Construction for Grease- and Moisture-Laden Vapors
				Factory-Built Grease Duct Systems
				Site-Built Grease Duct Systems
				Duct Systems for Moisture-Laden Air
			10. Rigid Plastic Ducts
			11. Air Dispersion Systems
				Dispersion Types
			12. Underground Ducts
			13. Ducts Outside Buildings
			14. Seismic Qualification
			15. Sheet Metal Welding
			16. Thermal Insulation
			17. Specifications
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Pressure Classification for Ductworka
				Table 2 Recommended Maximum System Leakage Percentages
				Table 3 Leakage as Percentage of Flow
				Table 4 Example 1 System Parameters
				Table 5 Solution for Example 1
				Table 6A Galvanized Sheet Thickness
				Table 6B Uncoated Steel Sheet Thickness
				Table 6C Stainless Steel Sheet Thickness
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Hierarchy of Building Codes and Standards
				Fig. 2 Fabric Duct with Linear Vent Outlet
				Fig. 3 Fabric Duct with Nozzle Outlets
				Fig. 4 Fabric Duct with Porous Material as Air Outlet
		--- CHAPTER 20: ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT ---
			1. Systems Overview
				All-Air Systems
				Decoupled Cooling Systems
				Sensible-Only Decoupled Cooling Systems
			2. System Classifications
			2.1 Fully Mixed Systems
				Factors That Influence Selection
				Outlet Selection Procedure
			2.2 Fully Stratified Systems
				Factors that Influence Selection
				Outlet Selection Procedure
			2.3 Partially Mixed Systems
				Factors That Influence Selection
				Outlet Selection Procedures
			3. EQUIPMENT
			3.1 Supply air outlets
			3.2 Return and Exhaust Air Inlets
			3.3 Grilles
				Types
				Application-Specific Grilles
			3.4 Nozzles and Drum Louvers
			3.5 Diffusers
				Types
				Accessories
			3.6 Terminal Units
				Single-Duct Terminal Units
				Dual-Duct Terminal Units
				Air-to-Air Induction Terminal Units
				Fan-Powered Terminal Units
			3.7 Fan-Coil Units
			3.8 Chilled Beams
				Beam Types and Configurations
			3.9 Air Curtain Units
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Typical Applications for Supply Air Outlets
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Designations for Inlet and Outlet
				Fig. 2 Classification of Air Distribution Strategies
				Fig. 3 Accessories for Supply Air Grilles
				Fig. 4 Accessory Controls for Ceiling Diffusers
				Fig. 5 Basic Fan-Coil Unit
				Fig. 6 Typical Vertical Fan-Coil Unit
				Fig. 7 Typical Horizontal Fan-Coil Unit
				Fig. 8 (A) Active and (B) Passive Beams
				Fig. 9 Non-Recirculating, Horizontal-Mount High-Velocity Air Curtain Unit
				Fig. 10 Recirculating, Horizontal-Mount Air Curtain Unit
		--- CHAPTER 21: FANS ---
			1. Types of Fans
			2. Principles of Operation
			3. Testing and Rating
			4. Field Testing of Fans for Air Performance
			5. Fan Laws
			6. Fan and System Pressure Relationships
			7. AIR Temperature Rise Across Fans
			8. Duct System Characteristics
			9. System Effects
			10. Selection
			11. Parallel Fan Operation
			12. Series Fan Operation
			13. Noise
			14. Vibration
				Vibration Isolation
			15. Arrangement and Installation
			16. Fan Control
			17. Fan Inlet Cone Instrumented for Airflow Measurement
			18. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Types of Fans
				Table 2 Fan Laws
				Table 3 Fan Application Categories for Balance and Vibration
				Table 4 BV Categories and Balance Quality Grades
				Table 5 Seismic Vibration Velocity Limits for In Situ Operation
				Table 6 Summary of Control Strategies
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Centrifugal Fan Components
				Fig. 2 Axial Fan Components
				Fig. 3 Method of Obtaining Fan Performance Curves
				Fig. 4 Example Application of Fan Laws
				Fig. 5 Pressure Changes for Fan with Equal-Sized Ducted Inlet and Outlet Systems
				Fig. 6 Pressure Changes for Fan with Outlet System Only
				Fig. 7 Pressure Changes for Fan with Ducted Inlet System Only
				Fig. 8 Pressure Changes for Fan with Diverging Cone at Outlet
				Fig. 9 Simple Duct System with Resistance to Flow Represented by Three 90° Elbows
				Fig. 10 Example System Total Pressure Loss P Curves
				Fig. 11 Resistance Added to Duct System of Figure 9
				Fig. 12 Resistance Removed from Duct System of Figure 9
				Fig. 13 Fan Performance Curve
				Fig. 14 Desirable Combination of Ptf andP Curves
				Fig. 15 Two (A) Stable and (B) Unstable Fans in Parallel Operation
				Fig. 16 Theoretical Characteristic Curve of Two Fans Operating in Series
				Fig. 17 Effect of Inlet Vane Control on Backward-Curved Centrifugal Fan Performance
				Fig. 18 Effect of Controlled Blade Pitch on Vaneaxial Fan Performance
				Fig. 19 Illustration of Instrumented Fan Inlet Cone
		--- CHAPTER 22: HUMIDIFIERS ---
			1. Environmental Conditions
				Health and Comfort
				Prevention and Treatment of Disease
				Electronic Equipment
				Process Control and Materials Storage
				Static Electricity
				Sound Wave Transmission
				Miscellaneous
			2. Enclosure Characteristics
				Vapor Retarders
				Visible Condensation
				Concealed Condensation
			3. Energy and water Considerations
				Load Calculations
				Design Conditions
				Ventilation Rate
				Additional Moisture Losses
				Internal Moisture Gains
				Supply Water for Humidifiers
				Scaling
				Potential Bacterial Growth
			4. Equipment
				Residential Humidifiers for Central Air Systems
				Residential Humidifiers for Nonducted Applications
				Industrial and Commercial Humidifiers for Central Air Systems
				Selecting Humidifiers
			5. Controls
				Mechanical Controls
				Electronic Controls
				Control Location
				Management Systems
			6. Application Considerations
				Humidity Control with Direct Space Humidification
				Humidity Control with Duct-Mounted Humidification
				Humidity Control in Variable-Air-Volume Systems
				Commissioning Systems
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Maximum Relative Humidity in a Space for 
No Condensation on Windows
				Table 2 Types of Humidifiers
				Table 3 Humidifier Advantages and Limitations
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Optimum Humidity Range for Human Comfort and Health
				Fig. 2 Patient Infections at Indoor Relative Humidities
				Fig. 3 Mice Survival Rates at 20 and 50% rh
				Fig. 4 Mortality of Pneumococcus Bacterium
				Fig. 5 Mortality in Mice Exposed to Aerosolized Influenza
				Fig. 6 Effect of Relative Humidity on Static Electricityfrom Carpets
				Fig. 7 Limiting Relative Humidity for No Window 
Condensation
				Fig. 8 Effect of Relative Humidity on Static Electricity 
from Carpets
				Fig. 9 Residential Humidifiers
				Fig. 10 Industrial Isothermal (Steam) Humidifiers
				Fig. 11 Room Fan Distributor
				Fig. 12 Industrial Adiabatic (Atomizing and Evaporative) Humidifiers
				Fig. 13 Recommended Humidity Controller Location
		--- CHAPTER 23: AIR-COOLING AND DEHUMIDIFYING COILS ---
			1. Uses for Coils
			2. Coil Construction and Arrangement
				Water and Aqueous Glycol Coils
				Direct-Expansion Coils
				Control of Coils
				Flow Arrangement
				Applications
			3. Coil Selection
				Performance and Ratings
			4. Airflow Resistance
			5. Heat Transfer
			6. Performance of Sensible Cooling Coils
			7. Performance of Dehumidifying Coils
			8. Determining Refrigeration Load
			9. Maintenance
			10. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Water Circuit Arrangements
				Fig. 2 Arrangements for Coils with Multiple Thermostatic Expansion Valves
				Fig. 3 Typical Coil Hand Designation
				Fig. 4 Typical Arrangement of Cooling Coil Assembly in Built-Up or Packaged Central Station Air Handler
				Fig. 5 Coil Bank Arrangement with Intermediate Condensate Pan
				Fig. 6 Sprayed-Coil System with Air Bypass
				Fig. 7 Two-Component Driving Force Between Dehumidifying Air and Coolant
				Fig. 8 Surface Temperature Chart
				Fig. 9 Thermal Diagram for General Case When Coil Surface Operates Partially Dry
				Fig. 10 Leaving-Air Dry-Bulb Temperature Determi
				Fig. 11 Typical Total Metal Thermal Resistance of Fin and Tube Assembly
				Fig. 12 Typical Air-Side Application Rating Data Determined Experimentally for Cooling and Dehumidifying Water Coils
				Fig. 13 Psychrometric Performance of Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil
		--- CHAPTER 24: DESICCANT DEHUMIDIFICATION ANDPRESSURE-DRYING EQUIPMENT ---
			1. Methods of Dehumidification
			2. Desiccant Dehumidification
				2.1 Liquid Desiccant Equipment
				2.2 Solid-Sorption Equipment
				2.3 Rotary Solid-Desiccant Dehumidifiers
				2.4 Equipment Ratings
				2.5 Equipment Operating Recommendations
				2.6 Applications for Atmospheric- Pressure Dehumidification
			3. Desiccant Drying at Elevated Pressure
				3.1 Equipment Types
				3.2 Applications
					References
					Bibliography
					Additional Information
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Methods of Dehumidification
				Fig. 2 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Dehumidifier (A) Without and (B) With Extended Surface Contact Medium
				Fig. 3 Flow Diagram for Liquid-Absorbent Unit with Onboard Refrigeration System
				Fig. 4 Lithium Chloride Equilibrium
				Fig. 5 Liquid Desiccant System with Multiple Conditioners
				Fig. 6 Liquid Desiccant Regenerator Capacity
				Fig. 7 Typical Rotary Dehumidification Wheel
				Fig. 8 Effect of Changes in Process Air Velocity on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture
				Fig. 9 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture
				Fig. 10 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Moisture
				Fig. 11 Effect of Changes in Process Air Inlet Moisture on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature
				Fig. 12 Effect of Changes in Reactivation Air Inlet Temperature on Dehumidifier Outlet Temperature
				Fig. 13 Typical Performance Data for Rotary Solid Desiccant Dehumidifier
				Fig. 14 Typical Peak Moisture Loads for Medium-Sized Retail Store in Atlanta, Georgia
				Fig. 15 Predrying Ventilation Air to Dehumidify a Commercial Building
				Fig. 16 Typical Rooftop Arrangement for Drying Ventilation Air Centrally, Removing Moisture Load from Cooling Units
				Fig. 17 Typical Performance Data for Solid Desiccant Dryersat Elevated Pressures
				Fig. 18 Typical Adsorption Dryer for ElevatedPressures
		--- CHAPTER 25: MECHANICAL DEHUMIDIFIERS AND RELATED COMPONENTS ---
			1. Mechanical Dehumidifiers
				Psychrometrics of Dehumidification
				Residential Dehumidifiers
				General-Purpose Dehumidifiers
				DX Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS) Units
				Indoor Swimming Pool Dehumidifiers
				Ice Rink Dehumidifiers
				Industrial Dehumidifiers
				Dehumidifiers for Controlled Environment Agriculture
				Tunnel Dryer Dehumidifier
			2. Controls and Sensors
			3. Installation and Service Considerations
			4. Wraparound Heat Exchangers
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Dehumidification Process Points
				Fig. 2 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process
				Fig. 3 Psychrometric Diagram of Typical Dehumidification Process with Bypass Air
				Fig. 4 Dehumidification Process Points with Bypass Air
				Fig. 5 Typical Portable Dehumidifier
				Fig. 6 Typical Whole-House Dehumidifier Installation
				Fig. 7 Typical General-Purpose Dehumidifier
				Fig. 8 DX-DOAS Unit
				Fig. 9 DX-DOAS Unit with Exhaust Air Heat/Energy Recovery
				Fig. 10 Typical Single-Blower Pool Dehumidifier
				Fig. 11 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Supply Air Section
				Fig. 12 Typical Double-Blower Pool Dehumidifier with DX Coil in Return Air Section
				Fig. 13 Supply Blower and Double Exhaust Blower Pool Dehumidifier
				Fig. 14 Typical Installation of Ice Rink Dehumidifiers
				Fig. 15 Typical Tunnel Dryer Dehumidifier
				Fig. 16 Schematic of Dehumidification Enhancement with Wraparound Heat Pipe
				Fig. 17 Enhanced Dehumidification Processwith Wraparound Heat Pipe
				Fig. 18 Slide-in Heat Pipe for Rooftop Air Conditioner Refit
		--- CHAPTER 26: AIR-TO-AIR ENERGY RECOVERY EQUIPMENT ---
			1. Applications
			2. Basic heat or heat and water vapor transfer relations
				Effectiveness
				Rate of Energy Transfer
				Fan Power
			3. Types of Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers
				Ideal Air-to-Air Energy Exchange
				Fixed-Plate Heat Exchangers
				Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchangers
				Coil Energy Recovery (Runaround) Loops
				Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers
				Thermosiphon Heat Exchangers
				Liquid-Desiccant Cooling Systems
				Twin-Tower Enthalpy Recovery Loops
				Fixed-Bed Regenerators
			4. Performance Ratings
				Performance Ratings for Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers
				Performance Ratings for Residential Ventilators with Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers
			5. Additional technical considerations
				Air Leakage
				Air Capacity of Ventilator Fans
				Pressure Drop
				Maintenance
				Filtration
				Controls
				Fouling
				Corrosion
				Condensation and Freeze-Up
				Frost Control Strategies for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Systems
				Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling
				Use of Economizer
			6. Comparison of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass exchanger characteristics
			7. Use of Air-to-Air Heat or Heat and Mass Exchangers in Systems
				Characterizing System Efficiency of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
				Selection of Heat or Energy Recovery Ventilators
				Systems with Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers
				Using Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers to Modify the Latent Capacity Ratio of Cooling Coils
				Dessicant and Heat Wheel Systems
			8. Economic Considerations
			9. Energy and/or Mass Recovery Calculation Procedure
			10. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Typical Applications for Air-to-Air Energy Recovery
				Table 2 Types of Liquid-Desiccant Solutions
				Table 3 Comparison of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Airstream Numbering Convention
				Fig. 2 Fixed-Plate Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 3 Variation of Pressure Drop and Effectiveness with Airflow Rates for Membrane Plate Exchanger
				Fig. 4 Typical Temperature Stratification at Outlets of Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 5 Plate Heat or Heat and Mass Exchanger Airflow Configurations
				Fig. 6 Rotary Air-to-Air Energy Exchanger
				Fig. 7 Latent and Sensible Effectiveness Versus (A) Wheel Speed and (B) Bypassed Air
				Fig. 8 Effectiveness of Counterflow Regenerator as a Function of NTU
				Fig. 9 Coil Energy Recovery Loop
				Fig. 10 Heat Pipe Assembly
				Fig. 11 Heat Pipe Operation
				Fig. 12 Heat Pipe Exchanger Effectiveness
				Fig. 13 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger with Tilt Control
				Fig. 14 Sealed-Tube Thermosiphons
				Fig. 15 Coil-Type Thermosiphon Loops
				Fig. 16 Heat Recovered Across Evaporator and Condenser Coils for (A) Level Thermosiphon and (B) Thermosiphon with Elevated Condenser
				Fig. 17 Eight-Row, Unidirectional System with 2 mm Fin Spacing; Static Charge of 80%
				Fig. 18 Typical Performance of Two-Phase Thermosiphon Loop as Function of Percent Static Charge: Eight Rows, Unidirectional System with 2 mm Fin Spacing; Overall Temperature Difference of 35 K
				Fig. 19 Typical Dehumidification of Outdoor Air by Liquid-Desiccant System
				Fig. 20 Twin-Tower System Performing Indirect Evaporative Air Cooling: (A) Schematic and (B) Installation in Building
				Fig. 21 Double-Core Fixed-Bed Regenerators
				Fig. 22 Typical Temperature Profile of Fixed-Bed Regenerator Operating at 60 s Recovery Periods
				Fig. 23 Single-Core Fixed-Bed Regenerator
				Fig. 24 Air Leakage in Energy Recovery Units
				Fig. 25 Common Frost Control Strategies for Fixed-Plate Exchangers
				Fig. 26 Examples of Frost Threshold Temperatures for Energy and Heat Recovery Exchangers
				Fig. 27 Indirect Evaporative Cooling Recovery (Example 4)
				Fig. 28 Economizer with Dessicant Wheel
				Fig. 29 Supply Conditions for a Given Load qt and Given SHR
				Fig. 30 Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers in Parallel Mode
				Fig. 31 Psychrometric Processes of Exchangers in Parallel Mode
				Fig. 32 Multiple Energy Recovery Exchangers in Parallel Mode
				Fig. 33 Psychrometric Processes of Exchangers in Series Mode
				Fig. 34 Psychrometric Chart: In-Series Energy Recovery
				Fig. 35 Wraparound (In-Series) Heat Pipe
				Fig. 36 Flat Heat Recovery Device in Wraparound (In-Series) Configuration
				Fig. 37 Flat Plate Heat Exchanger in Wraparound (In-Series) Configuration
				Fig. 38 Wraparound (In-Series) Thermosiphon with a Valvefor Modulation
				Fig. 39 Precooling Air Reheater Dehumidifier (Example 5)
				Fig. 40 Heat Pump Augmented by Heat and Dessicant Wheels
				Fig. 41 Heat Pump Augmented by Evaporative Cooler and Heat and Dessicant Wheels
				Fig. 42 System for Surgery Room
				Fig. 43 Dessicant System of Evaporative Coolers and Heatand Dessicant Wheels
				Fig. 44 Dessicant and Heat Wheels with Indirect Evaporative Cooler (M-Cyle)
				Fig. 45 Dessicant and Heat Wheels with Humidifier for Winter Heating
				Fig. 46 Schematic of Liquid Dessicant System and Evaporative Cooler
				Fig. 47 Maximum Sensible and Latent Heat from Process A-B
				Fig. 48 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter (Example 6)
				Fig. 49 Sensible Heat Recovery in Winter with Condensate (Example 6)
				Fig. 50 Total Heat Recovery in Summer (Example 7)
				Fig. 51 Total Energy Recovery with EATR ≠ 0 and OACF ≠
 1 (Example 8)
				Fig. 52 Actual Airflow Rates at Various State Points (Example 8)
		--- CHAPTER 27: AIR-HEATING COILS ---
			1. Coil Construction and Design
				Steam Coils
				Water/Aqueous Glycol Heating Coils
				Volatile Refrigerant Heat Reclaim Coils
				Electric Heating Coils
			2. Coil Selection
				Coil Ratings
				Overall Requirements
			3. Installation Guidelines
			4. Coil Maintenance
				References
			Tables
				Table 1 Preferred Operating Limits for Continuous-Duty Steam Coil Materials in Commercial andInstitutional Applications
				Table 2 Typical Maximum Condensate Loads
		--- CHAPTER 28: UNIT VENTILATORS, UNIT HEATERS, AND MAKEUP AIR UNITS ---
			1. Unit Ventilators
				Application
				Selection
				Control
			2. Unit Heaters
				Application
				Selection
				Control
				Piping Connections
				Maintenance
			3. Makeup Air Units
				Description and Applications
				Selection
				Control
				Applicable Codes and Standards
				Commissioning
				Maintenance
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Typical Unit Ventilator Capacities
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Unit Ventilators
				Fig. 2 Methods of Preventing Downdraft along Windows
				Fig. 3 Typical Unit Heaters
				Fig. 4 Hot Water and Steam Connections for Unit Heaters
		--- CHAPTER 29: AIR CLEANERS FOR PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS ---
			1. terminology
				Definitions
				Acronyms
			2. Atmospheric Aerosols
			3. Aerosol Characteristics
			4. Air-Cleaning Applications
			5. Mechanisms of Particle Collection
			6. Evaluating Air Cleaners
			7. Air Cleaner Test Methods
				Arrestance Test
				Dust-Holding Capacity (DHC) Test
				Particle Size Removal Efficiency (PSE) Test
				DOP Penetration Test
				Leakage (Scan) Tests
				ISO Standard 29462
				Other Performance Tests
				Environmental Tests
				AHRI Standards
			8. Types of Air Cleaners
			9. Filter Types and Performance
				Panel Filters
				Electronic Air Cleaners
			10. Selection and Maintenance
				Residential Air Cleaners
				VAV Systems
				Antimicrobial Treatment of Filter Media
			11. Air Cleaner Installation
			12. Safety Considerations
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 U.S. EPA Standards for Particulate Matter in Outdoor Air
				Table 2 Performance of Renewable Media Filters (Steady-State Values)
				Table 3 Cross-Reference and Application Guidelines
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Collection Mechanisms for Filter Fiber
				Fig. 2 Cross Section of Plate-Type Precipitator Air Cleaner
				Fig. 3 Electrically Enhanced Air Cleaner
				Fig. 4 Typical Filter Locations for HVAC System
		--- CHAPTER 30: INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING AND AIR
POLLUTION CONTROL ---
			Equipment Selection
			1. Regulations and Monitoring
				Gas-Cleaning Regulations
				Measuring Gas Streams and Contaminants
				Gas Flow Distribution
				Monitors and Controls
			2. Particulate Contaminant Control
				2.1 Mechanical Collectors
					Settling Chambers
					Inertial Collectors
				2.2 Electrostatic Precipitators
					Single-Stage Designs
					Two-Stage Designs
				2.3 Fabric Filters
					Principle of Operation
					Pressure-Volume Relationships
					Electrostatic Augmentation
					Fabrics
					Types of Self-Cleaning Mechanisms for Fabric Dust Collectors
				2.4 Granular-Bed Filters
					Principle of Operation
				2.5 Particulate Scrubbers (Wet Collectors)
					Principle of Operation
					Spray Towers and Impingement Scrubbers
					Centrifugal-Type Collectors
					Orifice-Type Collectors
					Venturi Scrubber
					Electrostatically Augmented Scrubbers
				Collector Performance
			3. Gaseous Contaminant Control
				3.1 Spray Dry Scrubbing
					Principle of Operation
					Equipment
				3.2 Wet-Packed Scrubbers
					Scrubber Packings
					Arrangements of Packed Scrubbers
					Pressure Drop
					Absorption Efficiency
					General Efficiency Comparisons
					Liquid Effects
				3.3 Adsorption of Gaseous Contaminants
					Equipment for Adsorption
					Solvent Recovery
					Odor Control
					Applications of Fluidized Bed Adsorbers
				3.4 Incineration of Gases and Vapors
					Thermal Oxidizers
					Catalytic Oxidizers
					Applications of Oxidizers
					Adsorption and Oxidation
			4. Auxiliary Equipment
				4.1 Ducts
					Temperature Controls
					Fans
				4.2 Dust- and Slurry-Handling Equipment
					Hoppers
					Dust Conveyors
					Dust Disposal
					Slurry Treatment
			5. Operation and Maintenance
				Corrosion
				Fires and Explosions
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Intended Duty of Gas-Cleaning Equipment
				Table 2 Principal Types of Particulate Control Equipment
				Table 3 Measures of Performance for Gas-Cleaning Equipment
				Table 4 Collectors Used in Industry
				Table 5 Terminal Settling Velocities of Particles, m/s
				Table 6 Temperature Limits and Characteristics of Fabric Filter Media
				Table 7 Packing Factor F for Various Scrubber Packing Materials
				Table 8 Mass Transfer Coefficients (KG a) for Scrubber Packing Materials
				Table 9 Relative KGa for Various Contaminants in Liquid-Film-Controlled Scrubbers
				Table 10 Relative KGa for Various Contaminants in Gas-Film-Controlled Scrubbers
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Louver and Baffle Collectors
				Fig. 2 Typical Cyclone Collectors
				Fig. 3 Cyclone Efficiency
				Fig. 4 Typical Single-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator
				Fig. 5 Typical Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitators
				Fig. 6 Typical Single-Stage Precipitators
				Fig. 7 Condensing Precipitator Systems for Control of Hot Organic Smokes
				Fig. 8 Time Dependence of Pressure Drop Across Fabric Filter
				Fig. 9 Bag-Type Shaker Collector
				Fig. 10 Envelope-Type Shaker Collector
				Fig. 11 Pressure Drop Across Shaker Collector Versus Time
				Fig. 12 Draw-Through Reverse-Flow Cleaning of Fabric Filter
				Fig. 13 Typical Pulse-Jet Fabric Filter
				Fig. 14 Pulse Jet Cartridge Filters (Upflow Design with Vertical Filters)
				Fig. 15 Typical Granular-Bed Filter
				Fig. 16 Fractional Efficiency of Several Wet Collectors
				Fig. 17 Efficiency of Venturi Scrubber
				Fig. 18 Typical Spray Tower
				Fig. 19 Typical Impingement Scrubber
				Fig. 20 Typical Orifice-Type Wet Collector
				Fig. 21 Typical High-Energy Venturi Scrubber
				Fig. 22 Typical Electrostatically Augmented Scrubber
				Fig. 23 Typical Packings for Scrubbers
				Fig. 24 Flow Arrangements Through Packed Beds
				Fig. 25 Typical Countercurrent Packed Scrubber
				Fig. 26 Horizontal Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface
				Fig. 27 Vertical Flow Scrubber with Extended Surface
				Fig. 28 Pressure Drop Versus Gas Rate for Typical Packing
				Fig. 29 Generalized Pressure Drop Curves for Packed Beds
				Fig. 30 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 0.6 m/s (Liquid-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 31 Contaminant Control at Superficial 
Velocity = 1.2 m/s (Liquid-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 32 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 1.8 m/s (Liquid-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 33 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 0.6 m/s (Gas-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 34 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 1.2 m/s (Gas-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 35 Contaminant Control at Superficial Velocity = 1.8 m/s (Gas-Film-Controlled)
				Fig. 36 Adsorption Isotherms on Activated Carbon
				Fig. 37 Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Equipment
				Fig. 38 Schematic of Two-Unit Fixed Bed Adsorber
				Fig. 39 Moving-Bed Adsorber
				Fig. 40 Typical Odor Adsorber
		--- CHAPTER 31: AUTOMATIC FUEL-BURNING SYSTEMS ---
			1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
				1.1 Terminology
				1.2 System Application
				1.3 Safety
				1.4 Efficiency and Emission Ratings
					Steady-State and Cyclic Efficiency
					Emissions
			2. GAS-BURNING APPLIANCES
				2.1 Gas-Fired Combustion Systems
					Burners
					Combustion System Flow
					Ignition
					Input Rate Control
				2.2 Residential Appliances
					Boilers
					Forced-Air Furnaces
					Water Heaters
					Combination Space- and Water-Heating Appliances
					Pool Heaters
					Conversion Burners
				2.3 Commercial-Industrial Appliances
					Boilers
					Space Heaters
					Water Heaters
					Pool Heaters
				2.4 Applications
					Location
					Gas Supply and Piping
					Air for Combustion and Ventilation
					Draft Control
					Venting
					Building Depressurization
					Gas Input Rate
					Effect of Gas Temperature and Barometric Pressure Changes on Gas Input Rate
					Fuel Gas Interchangeability
					Altitude
			3. OIL-BURNING APPLIANCES
				3.1 Residential Oil Burners
				3.2 Commercial/Industrial Oil Burners
					Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners
					Return-Flow Pressure-Atomizing Oil Burners
					Air-Atomizing Oil Burners
					Horizontal Rotary Cup Oil Burners
					Steam-Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type)
					Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners (Register Type)
					Return-Flow Mechanical Atomizing Oil Burners
				3.3 Dual-Fuel Gas/Oil Burners
				3.4 Equipment Selection
					Fuel Oil Storage Systems
					Fuel-Handling Systems
					Fuel Oil Preparation System
			4. SOLID-FUEL-BURNING APPLIANCES
				4.1 Capacity Classification of Stokers
				4.2 Stoker Types by Fuel-Feed Methods
					Chain and Traveling Grate Stokers
					Vibrating Grate Stokers
			5. CONTROLS
				5.1 Safety Controls and Interlocks
					Ignition and Flame Monitoring
					Draft Proving
					Limit Controls
					Other Safety Controls
					Prescriptive Requirements for Safety Controls
					Reliability of Safety Controls
				5.2 Operating Controls
					Integrated and Programmed Controls
					References
					Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Classification of Atomizing Oil Burners
				Table 2 Guide for Fuel Oil Grades Versus Firing Rate
				Table 3 Characteristics of Various Types of Stokers (Class 5)
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Partially Aerated (Bunsen) Burner
				Fig. 2 Premix Burner
				Fig. 3 Forced-Draft Combustion System
				Fig. 4 Induced-Draft Combustion System
				Fig. 5 Packaged Power Burner
				Fig. 6 Combustion System with Linked Air and Gas Flow
				Fig. 7 Pneumatically Linked Gas/Air Ratio Combustion System
				Fig. 8 Typical Single-Port Upshot Gas Conversion Burner
				Fig. 9 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances
				Fig. 10 High-Pressure Atomizing Gun Oil Burner
				Fig. 11 Details of High-Pressure Atomizing Oil Burner
				Fig. 12 Typical Oil Storage Tank (No. 6 Oil)
				Fig. 13 Industrial Burner Auxiliary Equipment
				Fig. 14 Horizontal Underfeed Stoker with Single Retort
				Fig. 16 Chain Grate Stoker
				Fig. 17 Vibrating Grate Stoker
				Fig. 18 Basic Control Circuit for Fuel-Burning Appliance
				Fig. 19 Control Characteristics of Three-Stage System
				Fig. 20 Integrated Control System for Gas-Fired Appliance
		--- CHAPTER 32: BOILERS ---
			1. Classifications
				Working Pressure and Temperature
				Fuel Used
				Construction Materials
				Type of Draft
				Condensing or Noncondensing
				Wall-Hung Boilers
				Integrated (Combination) Boilers
				Electric Boilers
			2. Selection Parameters
			3. Efficiency: Input and Output Ratings
			4. Performance Codes and Standards
			5. Sizing
			6. Burner Types
			7. Boiler Controls
				Operating Controls
				Water Level Controls
			8. Flame Safeguard Controls
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Residential Boilers
				Fig. 2 Cast-Iron Commercial Boilers
				Fig. 3 Scotch Marine Commercial Boilers
				Fig. 4 Commercial Fire-Tube and Water-Tube Boilers
				Fig. 5 Commercial Condensing Boilers
				Fig. 6 Effect of Inlet Water Temperature on 
Efficiency of Condensing Boilers
				Fig. 7 Relationship of Dew Point, Carbon Dioxide, and Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas
				Fig. 8 Boiler Efficiency as Function of Fuel and Air Input
		--- CHAPTER 33: FURNACES ---
			1. Components
				Casing or Cabinet
				Heat Exchangers
				Heat Sources
				Combustion Venting Components
				Circulating Blowers and Motors
				Filters and Other Accessories
				Airflow Variations
				Combustion System Variations
				Indoor/Outdoor Furnace Variations
			2. Heat Source Types
				Natural Gas and Propane Furnaces
				Oil Furnaces
				Electric Furnaces
			3. Commercial Equipment
				Ducted Equipment
				Unducted Heaters
			4. Controls and Operating Characteristics
				External to Furnace
				Internal to Furnace
			5. Equipment Selection
				Distribution System
				Equipment Location
				Forced-Air System Primary Use
				Fuel Selection
				Combustion Air and Venting
				Equipment Sizing
				Types of Furnaces
				Consumer Considerations
				Selecting Furnaces for Commercial Buildings
			6. Calculations
			7. Technical Data
				Natural Gas Furnaces
				Propane Furnaces
				Oil Furnaces
				Electric Furnaces
				Commercial Furnaces
			8. Installation
			9. Agency Listings
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Historical and Typical Values of Efficiency
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Induced-Draft Gas Furnace
				Fig. 2 Upflow Category I Furnace with Induced-Draft Blower
				Fig. 3 Downflow (Counterflow) Category I Furnacewith Induced-Draft Blower
				Fig. 4 Horizontal Category I Furnace withInduced-Draft Blower
				Fig. 5 Basement (Lowboy) Category I Furnace withInduced-Draft Blower
				Fig. 6 Terminology Used to Describe Fan-Assisted Combustion
				Fig. 7 Electric Forced-Air Furnace
				Fig. 8 Standing Floor Furnace
		--- CHAPTER 34: RESIDENTIAL IN-SPACE HEATING EQUIPMENT ---
			1. GAS IN-SPACE HEATERS
				1.1 Controls
					Valves
					Thermostats
				1.2 Vent Connectors
				1.3 Sizing Units
				Room Heaters
				Wall Furnaces
				Floor Furnaces
				U.S. Minimum Efficiency Requirements
			2. OIL AND KEROSENE IN-SPACE HEATERS
				Vaporizing Oil Pot Heaters
				Powered Atomizing Heaters
				Portable Kerosene Heaters
			3. ELECTRIC IN-SPACE HEATERS
				3.1 Radiant Heating Systems
					Heating Panels and Heating Panel Sets
					Embedded Cable and Storage Heating Systems
					Cord-Connected Portable Heaters
					Controls
				Wall, Floor, Toe Space, and Ceiling Heaters
				Baseboard Heaters
			4. SOLID-FUEL IN-SPACE HEATERS
				4.1 Fireplaces
					Simple Fireplaces
					Factory-Built Fireplaces
					Freestanding Fireplaces
				4.2 Stoves
					Conventional Wood Stoves
					Advanced-Design Wood Stoves
					Fireplace Inserts
					Pellet-Burning Stoves
			5. GENERAL INSTALLATION PRACTICES
				Safety with Solid Fuels
				Utility-Furnished Energy
				Products of Combustion
				Agency Testing
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Efficiency Requirements in the United States for Gas-Fired Direct Heating Equipment
				Table 2 Gas Input Required for In-Space Supplemental Heaters
				Table 3 Solid-Fuel In-Space Heaters
				Table 4 Chimney Connector Wall Thickness
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Room Heater
				Fig. 2 Wall Furnace
				Fig. 3 Floor Furnace
				Fig. 4 Oil-Fueled Heater with Vaporizing Pot-Type Burner
		--- CHAPTER 35: CHIMNEY, VENT, AND FIREPLACE SYSTEMS ---
			1. Terminology
			2. Draft Operating Principles
			3. Chimney Functions
				Start-Up
				Air Intakes
				Vent Size
				Draft Control
				Pollution Control
				Equipment Location
				Wind Effects
				Safety Factors
			4. Steady-State Chimney Design Equations
				Mass Flow of Combustion Products in Chimneys and Vents
				Mean Chimney Gas Temperature and Density
				Theoretical Draft
				System Pressure Loss Caused by Flow
				Available Draft
				Chimney Gas Velocity
				System Resistance Coefficient
				Configuration and Manifolding Effects
				Input, Diameter, and Temperature Relationships
				Volumetric Flow in Chimney or System
			5. Steady-State Chimney Design Graphical Solutions
			6. Vent and Chimney Capacity Calculation Examples
			7. Gas Appliance Venting
				Vent Connectors
				Masonry Chimneys for Gas Appliances
				Type B and Type L Factory-Built Venting Systems
				Gas Appliances Without Draft Hoods
				Conversion to Gas
			8. Oil-Fired Appliance Venting
				Condensation and Corrosion
				Connector and Chimney Corrosion
				Vent Connectors
				Masonry Chimneys for Oil-Fired Appliances
				Replacement of Appliances
			9. Fireplace Chimneys
			10. Air Supply to Fuel-Burning Appliances
			11. Vent and Chimney Materials
			12. Vent and Chimney Accessories
				Draft Hoods
				Draft Regulators
				Vent Dampers
				Heat Exchangers or Flue Gas Heat Extractors
			13. Draft Fans
			14. Terminations: Caps and Wind Effects
			15. Codes and Standards
			16. Symbols
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Mass Flow Equations for Common Fuels
				Table 2 Typical Chimney and Vent Design Conditionsa
				Table 3 Mass Flow for Incinerator Chimneys
				Table 4 Mean Chimney Gas Temperature for Various Appliances
				Table 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients of Various Chimneys and Vents
				Table 6 Approximate Theoretical Draft of Chimneys
				Table 7 Altitude Correction
				Table 8 Pressure Equations for Dp
				Table 9 Resistance Loss Coefficients
				Table 10 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standards
				Table 11 List of U.S. National Standards Relating to Installationa
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Graphical Evaluation of Rate of Vent Gas Flow from Percent CO2 and Fuel Rate
				Fig. 2 Flue Gas Mass and Volumetric Flow
				Fig. 3 Temperature Multiplier Cu for Compensation of Heat Losses in Connector
				Fig. 4 Theoretical Draft Nomograph
				Fig. 5 Friction Factor for Commercial Iron and Steel Pipe
				Fig. 6 Typical Connector Design
				Fig. 7 Gas Vent with Lateral
				Fig. 8 Draft-Regulated Appliance with 25 Pa Available Draft Required
				Fig. 9 Forced-Draft Appliance with Neutral (Zero) Draft (Negative Pressure Lateral)
				Fig. 10 Forced-Draft Appliance with Positive Outlet Pressure (Negative Draft)
				Fig. 11 Illustration for Example 2
				Fig. 12 Illustration for Example 3
				Fig. 13 Illustration for Example 4
				Fig. 14 Illustration for Example 6
				Fig. 15 Typical Fan Operating Data and System Curves
				Fig. 16 Eddy Formation
				Fig. 17 Effect of Chimney Gas (Combustion Products)  Temperature on Fireplace Frontal Opening Velocity
				Fig. 18 Permissible Fireplace Frontal Opening Area for Design Conditions (0.24 m/s mean frontal velocity with 0.3 m inside diameter round flue)
				Fig. 19 Effect of Area Ratio on Frontal Velocity (for chimney height of 4.6 m with 0.3 m inside diameter round flue)
				Fig. 20 Variation of Chimney Flue Gas Temperature with Heat Input Rate of Combustion Products
				Fig. 21 Chimney Sizing Chart for Fireplaces
				Fig. 22 Estimation of Fireplace Frontal Opening Area
				Fig. 23 Building Heating Appliance, Medium-Heat Chimney
				Fig. 24 Use of Barometric Draft Regulators
				Fig. 25 Draft Inducers
				Fig. 26 Wind Eddy and Wake Zones for One- or Two-Story Buildings and Their Effect on Chimney Gas Discharge
				Fig. 27 Height of Eddy Currents Around Single High-Rise Buildings
				Fig. 28 Eddy and Wake Zones for Low, Wide Buildings
				Fig. 29 Vent and Chimney Rain Protection
		--- CHAPTER 36: HYDRONIC HEAT-DISTRIBUTING UNITS AND RADIATORS ---
			1. Description
				Radiators
				Pipe Coils
				Convectors
				Baseboard Units
				Finned-Tube Units
				Heat Emission
			2. Ratings of Heat-Distributing Units
				Radiators
				Convectors
				Baseboard Units
				Finned-Tube Units
				Other Heat-Distributing Units
				Corrections for Nonstandard Conditions
			3. Design
				Effect of Water Velocity
				Effect of Altitude
				Effect of Mass
				Performance at Low Water Temperatures
				Effect of Enclosure and Paint
			4. Applications
				Radiators
				Convectors
				Baseboard Radiation
				Finned-Tube Radiation
				Radiant Panels
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Small-Tube Cast-Iron Radiators
				Table 2 Correction Factors c for Various Types of Heating Units
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Terminal Units
				Fig. 2 Typical Radiators
				Fig. 3 Water Velocity Correction Factor for Baseboard and Finned-Tube Radiators
				Fig. 4 Effect of Air Density on Radiator Output
		--- CHAPTER 37: SOLAR ENERGY EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS ---
			1. SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS
				1.1 Air-Heating Systems
				1.2 Liquid-Heating Systems
					Direct and Indirect Systems
					Freeze Protection
				1.3 Solar Thermal Energy Collectors
					Collector Types
					Collector Construction
				1.4 Row Design
					Piping Configuration
					Velocity Limitations
					Thermal Expansion
				1.5 Array Design
					Piping Configuration
					Shading
				1.6 Thermal Collector Performance
					Testing Methods
					Collector Test Results and Initial Screening Methods
					Generic Test Results
				1.7 Thermal Energy Storage
					Air System Thermal Storage
					Liquid System Thermal Storage
					Storage Tank Construction
					Storage Tank Insulation
					Stratification and Short Circuiting
					Storage Sizing
				1.8 Heat Exchangers
					Requirements
					Internal Heat Exchanger
					External Heat Exchanger
					Heat Exchanger Performance
				1.9 Controls
					Differential Temperature Controllers
					Photovoltaically Powered Pumps
					Overtemperature Protection
					Hot-Water Dump
					Heat Exchanger Freeze Protection
			2. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
				Fundamentals of Photovoltaics
				Related Equipment
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Worldwide Solar Capacity in Operation by Type
				Table 2 Average Performance* Parameters for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors
				Table 3 Thermal Performance Ratings* for Generic Types of Liquid Flat-Plate Collectors
				Table 4 Insulation Factor fQ/A for Cylindrical Water Tanks
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Air-Heating Space and Domestic Water Heater System
				Fig. 2 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Nonfreezing System
				Fig. 3 Simplified Schematic of Indirect Drainback Freeze Protection System
				Fig. 4 Solar Flat-Plate Collectors
				Fig. 5 Evacuated-Tube Collector
				Fig. 6 Plan View of Liquid Collector Absorber Plates
				Fig. 7 Cross Sections of Various Solar Air and Water Heater
				Fig. 8 Cross Section of Suggested Insulation to Reduce Heat Loss from Back Surface of Absorber
				Fig. 9 Collector Manifolding Arrangements for Parallel-Flow Row
				Fig. 10 Pressure Drop and Thermal Performance of Collectors with Internal Manifolds Numbers
				Fig. 11 Flow Pattern in Long Collector Row with Restrictions
				Fig. 12 Reverse-Return Array Piping
				Fig. 13 In-Series Array Piping
				Fig. 14 Mounting for Drainback Collector Modules
				Fig. 15 Direct-Return Array Piping
				Fig. 16 Solar Collector Type Efficiencies
				Fig. 17 Pressurized Storage with Internal Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 18 Multiple Storage Tank Arrangement with Internal Heat Exchangers
				Fig. 19 Pressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 20 Unpressurized Storage System with External Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 21 Typical Tank Support Detail
				Fig. 22 Tank Plumbing Arrangements to Minimize Short Circuiting and Mixing
				Fig. 23 Schematic of CSHPSS
				Fig. 24 Cross Section of Wraparound Shell Heat Exchangers
				Fig. 25 Double-Wall Tubing
				Fig. 26 Tube Bundle Heat Exchanger with Intermediate Loop
				Fig. 27 Double-Wall Protection Using Two Heat Exchangers in Series
				Fig. 28 Basic Nonfreezing Collector Loop for Building Service Hot-Water Heating (Nonglycol Heat Transfer Fluid)
				Fig. 29 Heat Rejection from Nonfreezing System Using Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 30 Nonfreezing System with Heat Exchanger Bypass
				Fig. 31 Representative Current-Voltage and Power-Voltage Curves for Typical Photovoltaic Module
				Fig. 32 Module IV Curve at STC
				Fig. 33 Effect of Insolation on Module Performance
				Fig. 34 Effect of Cell Temperature on Module Performance
				Fig. 35 PV System Configurations Using (A) String Inverter, (B) Microinverters, and (C) String Inverter with Power Optimizers Source: Natural Resources Canada 2019
		--- CHAPTER 38: COMPRESSORS ---
			1. POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSORS
				1.1 Performance
					Ideal Compressor
					Actual Compressor
					Compressor Efficiency, Subcooling, and Superheating
				1.2 Abnormal Operating Conditions, Hazards, and Protective Devices
					Liquid Hazard
					Suction and Discharge Pulsations
					Noise
					Vibration
					Shock
					Testing and Operating Requirements
				1.3 Motors
			2. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
				Performance Data
				Motor Performance
				Features
				Special Devices
				Application
			3. ROTARY COMPRESSORS
				3.1 Rolling-Piston Compressors
					Performance
					Features
				3.2 Rotary-Vane Compressors
				3.3 Screw Compressors
					Single-Screw Compressors
					Twin-Screw Compressors
				3.4 Scroll Compressors
					Mechanical Features
					Capacity Control
					Energy Efficiency
					Noise and Vibration
					Operation and Maintenance
				3.5 Trochoidal Compressors
					Description and Performance
			4. CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
				Refrigeration Cycle
				Angular Momentum
				Nondimensional Coefficients
				Mach Number
				Performance
				Surging
				System Balance and Capacity Control
				4.1 Application
					Vibration
					Noise
					Drivers
					Paralleling
					Other Specialized Applications
				4.2 Mechanical Design
					Impellers
					Casings
					Rotor Dynamics
					Lubrication
					Bearings
					Oil-Free Centrifugal Compressors
					Accessories and Controls
				4.3 Isentropic Analysis
				4.4 Polytropic Analysis
					Testing
				4.5 Operation and Maintenance
				4.6 Symbols
					References
					Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Typical Design Features of Reciprocating Compressors
				Table 2 Motor-Starting Torques
				Table 3 Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor Performance
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, 
Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance
				Fig. 2 Types of Positive-Displacement Compressors (Classified by Compression Mechanism Design)
				Fig. 3 Ideal Compressor Cycle
				Fig. 4 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for 
Ideal Refrigeration Cycle
				Fig. 5 Example of Compressor Operating Envelope
				Fig. 6 Basic Reciprocating Piston with Reed Valves
				Fig. 7 Pumping Cycle of Reciprocating Compressor
				Fig. 8 Six-Cylinder Semihermetic Compressor
				Fig. 9 Hermetic Reciprocating Compressor
				Fig. 10 Capacity and Power-Input Curves for Typical 
Semihermetic Reciprocating Compressor
				Fig. 11 Modified Oil-Equalizing System
				Fig. 12 Tandem Compressors
				Fig. 13 Fixed-Vane, Rolling-Piston Rotary Compressor
				Fig. 14 Performance Curves for Typical Rolling-Piston Compressor
				Fig. 15 Sound Level of Combination Refrigerator-Freezer with Typical Rotary Compressor
				Fig. 16 Rotary-Vane Compressor
				Fig. 17 Section of Single-Screw Refrigeration Compressor
				Fig. 18 Sequence of Compression Process in Single-Screw Compressor
				Fig. 19 Radial and Axially Balanced Main Rotor
				Fig. 20 Oil and Refrigerant Schematic of Oil Injection System
				Fig. 21 Schematic of Oil-Injection-Free Circuit
				Fig. 22 Theoretical Economizer Cycle
				Fig. 23 Capacity-Control Slide Valve Operation
				Fig. 24 Refrigeration Compressor Equipped with Variable-Capacity Slide Valve and Variable-Volume-Ratio Slide Valve
				Fig. 25 Capacity Slide in Full-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide in Intermediate Position
				Fig. 26 Capacity Slide in Part-Load Position and Volume Ratio Slide Positioned to Maintain System Volume Ratio
				Fig. 27 Part-Load Effect of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Capacity Control
				Fig. 28 Typical Open-Compressor Performance on R-22
				Fig. 29 Typical Compressor Performance on R-717 (Ammonia)
				Fig. 30 Typical Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor
				Fig. 31 Single-Gate-Rotor Semihermetic Single-Screw Compressor
				Fig. 32 Twin-Screw Compressor
				Fig. 33 Twin-Screw Compression Process
				Fig. 34 Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism
				Fig. 35 Lift Valve Unloading Mechanism
				Fig. 36 View of Fixed- and Variable-Volume-Ratio (Vi) Slide Valves from Above
				Fig. 37 Twin-Screw Compressor Efficiency
				Fig. 38 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-
Gas-Cooled Motor and Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism
				Fig. 39 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Motor Housing Used as Economizer; Built-In Oil Separator, and Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism
				Fig. 40 Vertical, Discharge-Cooled, Hermetic Twin-Screw Compressor
				Fig. 41 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-Gas-Cooled Motor, Slide Valve Unloading Mechanism, Economizer Port in Slide Valve, and Built-In Oil Separator
				Fig. 42 Semihermetic Twin-Screw Compressor with Suction-Gas-Cooled Motor, Refrigerant-Cooled Frequency Inverter, Means for Vi Control, and Built-In Oil Separator
				Fig. 43 Interfitted Scroll Members
				Fig. 44 Components of Scroll Compressor
				Fig. 45 Scroll Compression Process
				Fig. 46 Two-Step Modulation
				Fig. 47 Multistep Modulation
				Fig. 48 Scroll with Vapor Injection
				Fig. 49 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency for Scroll Compressors
				Fig. 50 Variable Volume Ratio (VVR)
				Fig. 51 Scroll Capacity Versus Residence Demand
				Fig. 52 Typical Residential Scroll Sound Spectrum
				Fig. 53 Possible Versions of Epitrochoidal and 
Hypotrochoidal Machines
				Fig. 54 Wankel Sealing System for Trochoidal Compressors
				Fig. 55 Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit Cross Section
				Fig. 56 Simple Vapor Compression Cycle
				Fig. 57 Compression Cycle with Flash Cooling
				Fig. 58 Compression Cycle with Brazed-Plate Economizer
				Fig. 59 Compression Cycle with Power Recovery Expander
				Fig. 60 Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram
				Fig. 61 Impeller Inlet Velocity Diagram
				Fig. 62 Optimal Specific Speed
				Fig. 63 Typical Constant-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance
				Fig. 64 Typical Variable-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance
				Fig. 65 Typical Compressor Performance Curves
				Fig. 66 Typical Compressor Performance with Various Prerotation Vane Settings
				Fig. 67 Typical Part-Load Gas Compression Power Input for Speed and Vane Capacity Controls
				Fig. 68 Magnetic Bearing Schematic on Oil-Free Centrifugal Compressor
				Fig. 69 Ratio of Polytropic to Adiabatic Work
		--- CHAPTER 39: CONDENSERS ---
			1. WATER-COOLED CONDENSERS
				1.1 Heat Removal
				1.2 Heat Transfer
					Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
					Water-Side Film Coefficient
					Refrigerant-Side Film Coefficient
					Tube-Wall Resistance
					Surface Efficiency
					Fouling Factor
				1.3 Water Pressure Drop
				1.4 Liquid Subcooling
				1.5 Water Circuiting
				1.6 Types
					Shell-and-Tube Condensers
					Shell-and-Coil Condensers
					Tube-in-Tube Condensers
					Brazed-Plate and Plate-and-Frame Condensers
				1.7 Noncondensable Gases
				1.8 Testing and Rating
					Design Pressure
				1.9 Operation and Maintenance
			2. AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS
			2.1 Types
				2.2 Fans and Air Requirements
				2.3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop
				2.4 Condensers Remote from Compressor
				2.5 Condensers as Part of Condensing Unit
				2.6 Water-Cooled Versus Air-Cooled Condensing
				2.7 Testing and Rating
				2.8 Control
				2.9 Installation and Maintenance
				Plate-and-Fin
				Integral-Fin
				Microchannel
			3. EVAPORATIVE CONDENSERS
				3.1 Heat Transfer
				3.2 Condenser Configuration
					Coils
					Method of Coil Wetting
					Airflow
				3.3 Condenser Location
				3.4 Multiple-Condenser Installations
				3.5 Ratings
				3.6 Desuperheating Coils
				3.7 Refrigerant Liquid Subcoolers
				3.8 Multicircuit Condensers and Coolers
				3.9 Water Treatment
				3.10 Water Consumption
				3.11 Capacity Modulation
				3.12 Purging
				3.13 Maintenance
				3.14 Testing and Rating
					References
					Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Net Refrigeration Effect Factors for Reciprocating Compressors Used with Air-Cooled and Evaporative Condensers
				Table 2 Typical Maintenance Checklist
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Heat Removed in Condenser
				Fig. 2 Effect of Fouling on Condenser
				Fig. 3 Effect of Condenser Water Circuiting
				Fig. 4 Loss of Refrigerant During Purging at Various Gas Temperatures and Pressures
				Fig. 5 Effect of Fouling on Chiller Performance
				Fig. 6 Temperature and Enthalpy Changes in Air-Cooled Condenser with R-134a
				7 Equal-Sized Condenser Sections Connected in Parallel and for Half-Condenser Operation During Winter
				Fig. 8 Unit Condensers Installed in Parallel with Combined Fan Cycling and Damper Control
				Fig. 9 Air-Cooled Unit Condenser for Winter Heating and Summer Ventilation
				Fig. 10 Functional Views of Evaporative Condenser
				Fig. 11 Heat Transfer Diagram for Evaporative Condenser
				Fig. 12 Combined Coil/Fill Evaporative Condenser
				Fig. 13 Evaporative Condenser Arranged for 
Year-Round Operation
				Fig. 14 Parallel Operation of Evaporative and Shell-and-Tube Condenser
				Fig. 15 Parallel Operation of Two Evaporative Condensers
				Fig. 16 Evaporative Condenser with Desuperheater Coil
				Fig. 17 Evaporative Condenser with Liquid Subcooling Coil
		--- CHAPTER 40: COOLING TOWERS ---
			1. Principle of Operation
			2. Design Conditions
			3. Types of Cooling Towers
				Direct-Contact Cooling Towers
				Indirect-Contact Cooling Towers
				Hybrid Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers
				Modular Fluid Coolers with Mixed Operational Mode
				Adiabatic Fluid Coolers
			4. Materials of Construction
			5. Selection Considerations
			6. Application
				Siting
				Piping
				Capacity Control
				Water-Side Economizer (Free Cooling)
				Winter Operation
				Sound
				Drift
				Fogging (Cooling Tower Plume)
				Maintenance
				Inspections
				Water Treatment
				White Rust
			7. Performance Curves
			8. Cooling Tower Thermal Performance
			9. Cooling Tower Theory
				Counterflow Integration
				Cross-Flow Integration
			10. Tower Coefficients
				Available Coefficients
				Establishing Tower Characteristics
			11. Additional Information
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Counterflow Integration Calculations for Example 1
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Temperature Relationship Between Water and Air in Counterflow Cooling Tower
				Fig. 2 Psychrometric Analysis of Air Passing Through Cooling Tower
				Fig. 3 Direct-Contact or Open Evaporative Cooling Tower
				Fig. 4 Indirect-Contact or Closed-Circuit Evaporative Cooling Towers
				Fig. 5 Types of (A) Fill and (B) Coils
				Fig. 6 Combined Flow Coil/Fill Evaporative Cooling Tower
				Fig. 7 Coil Shed Cooling Tower
				Fig. 8 Vertical Spray Cooling Tower
				Fig. 9 Horizontal Spray Cooling Tower
				Fig. 10 Hyperbolic Tower
				Fig. 11 Conventional Mechanical-Draft Cooling Towers
				Fig. 12 Factory-Assembled Counterflow Forced-Draft Cooling Tower
				Fig. 13 Field-Erected Cross-Flow Mechanical-Draft Cooling Tower
				Fig. 14 Combination Wet/Dry Cooling Tower
				Fig. 15 Adiabatically Saturated Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 16 Hybrid Cooling Towers in Wet Operational Mode
				Fig. 17 Hybrid Cooling Towers in Dry/Wet Operational Mode
				Fig. 18 Hybrid Cooling Tower in Adiabatic Operational Mode
				Fig. 19 Hybrid Cooling Towers in Dry Operational Mode
				Fig. 20 Modular Fluid Coolers Capable of (A) Mixed Operational Mode, (B) Wet Mode, and (C) Dry Mode
				Fig. 21 Adiabatic Fluid Cooler in Adiabatic Operational Mode
				Fig. 22 Example of Adiabatic Pad Precooling System
				Fig. 23 Example of Corrugated Adiabatic Pads
				Fig. 24 Example of Adiabatic Spray Precooling System
				Fig. 25 Psychrometric Chart Showing Depressed Dry Bulb: Entering Air at 35°C db, 25.6°C wb, and 75% Pad Saturation Efficiency
				Fig. 26 Discharge Air Reentering Cooling Tower
				Fig. 27 Cooling Tower Fan Power Versus Speed 
(White 1994)
				Fig. 28 Free Cooling by Auxiliary Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 29 Free Cooling by Refrigerant Vapor Migration
				Fig. 30 Free Cooling by Interconnection of Water Circuits
				Fig. 31 Fog Prediction Using Psychrometric Chart
				Fig. 32 Cooling Tower Performance: 100% Design Flow
				Fig. 33 Cooling Tower Performance: 67% Design Flow
				Fig. 34 Cooling Tower Performance: 133% Design Flow
				Fig. 35 Cooling Tower Performance: 167% Design Flow
				Fig. 36 Heat and Mass Transfer Relationships Between Water, Interfacial Film, and Air 
(Baker and Shryock 1961)
				Fig. 37 Counterflow Cooling Diagram
				Fig. 38 Water Temperature and Air Enthalpy Variation Through Cross-Flow Cooling Tower (Baker and Shryock 1961)
				Fig. 39 Cross-Flow Calculations (Baker and Shryock 1961)
				Fig. 40 Cross-Flow Cooling Diagram
				Fig. 41 Counterflow Cooling Diagram for Constant Conditions, Variable L/G Ratios
				Fig. 42 Tower Characteristic, KaV/L Versus L/G (Baker and Shryock 1961)
				Fig. 43 True Versus Apparent Potential Difference (Baker and Shryock 1961)
		--- CHAPTER 41: EVAPORATIVE AIR-COOLING EQUIPMENT ---
			Tables
				Table 1 Heat Recovery Economizer Effectiveness at 70% and 21.1°C Building Return Air Condition
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Random-Media Evaporative Cooler
				Fig. 2 Typical Rigid-Media Air Cooler
				Fig. 3 Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 4 Indirect Evaporative Cooler Used as Precooler
				Fig. 5 Heat Pipe Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Heat Exchanger Packaged with DX System
				Fig. 6 Combination Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooling Process
				Fig. 7 Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler with Heat Exchanger (Rotary Heat Wheel or Heat Pipe)
				Fig. 8 Three-Stage Indirect/Direct Evaporative Cooler
				Fig. 9 Interaction of Air and Water in Air Washer Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 10 Schematic Showing Airflow Through VAV Air-Handling Unit with Heat Recovery Economizer (HRE) and Adiabatic Direct Evaporative Cooler/Humidifier (DEC/H) for Winter Hydration of Dry Outdoor Air
				Fig. 11 Performance of Heat Recovery Economizer in Cold Climate
		--- CHAPTER 42: LIQUID COOLERS ---
			Tables
				Table 1 Types of Coolers
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Direct-Expansion Shell-and-Tube Cooler
				Fig. 2 Flooded Shell-and-Tube Cooler
				Fig. 3 Flooded Plate Cooler
				Fig. 4 Baudelot Cooler
				Fig. 5 Shell-and-Coil Cooler
				Fig. 6 Nucleate Boiling Contribution to Total Refrigerant Heat Transfer
		--- CHAPTER 43: LIQUID-CHILLING SYSTEMS ---
			Tables
				Table 1 Properties of Various Refrigerants
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Equipment Diagram for Basic Liquid Chiller
				Fig. 2 Parallel-Operation High Design Water Leaving Coolers (Approximately 7°C and Above)
				Fig. 3 Parallel-Operation Low Design Water Leaving Coolers (Below Approximately 7°C)
				Fig. 4 Series Operation
				Fig. 5 Approximate Liquid Chiller Availability Range by Compressor Type
				Fig. 6 Comparison of Single-Stage Centrifugal, Reciprocating, and Screw Compressor Performance
				Fig. 7 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Performance with Three Equal Steps of Unloading
				Fig. 8 Reciprocating Liquid Chiller Control System
				Fig. 9 Typical Centrifugal Compressor Performance at Constant Speed
				Fig. 10 Typical Variable-Speed Centrifugal Compressor Performance
				Fig. 11 Temperature Relations in a Typical Centrifugal Liquid Chiller
				Fig. 12 Refrigeration System Schematic
				Fig. 13 Typical Screw Compressor Chiller Part-Load Power Consumption
				Fig. 14 Typical External Connections for Screw Compressor Chiller
		--- CHAPTER 44: CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ---
			1. Centrifugal Pumping
			2. Construction Features
			3. Pump Types
				Circulator Pump
				Close-Coupled, Single-Stage, End-Suction Pump
				Frame-Mounted, End-Suction Pump on Base Plate
				Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial) or Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump
				Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump
				Vertical In-Line Pump
				Vertical In-Line Split-Coupled Pump
				Vertical Turbine, Single- or Multistage, Sump-Mounted Pump
			4. Pump Performance Curves
			5. Hydronic System Curves
			6. Pump and Hydronic System Curves
			7. Pump Power
			8. Pump Efficiency
			9. Affinity Laws
			10. Radial Thrust
			11. Net Positive Suction Characteristics
			12. Selection of Pumps
			13. Arrangement of Pumps
				Duty Standby
				Parallel Pumping
				Series Pumping
				Standby Pump
				Primary-Secondary Pumping
				Variable-Speed Central Pumping
				Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping
				Differential Pressure Control with Predefined Control Curves
			14. Motive Power
			15. Energy Conservation in Pumping
			16. Installation, Operation, and Commissioning
				Commissioning Base-Mounted Centrifugal Pumps
			17. Troubleshooting
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Pump Affinity Laws
				Table 2 Flow Redundancy
				Table 3 Pumping System Noise Analysis Guide
				Table 4 Pumping System Inadequate/No-Flow Analysis Guide
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Centrifugal Pump
				Fig. 2 Cross Section of Typical Overhung-Impeller End-Suction Pump
				Fig. 3 Wet-Rotor Circulator Pump
				Fig. 4 Circulator Driven by Close-Coupled Motor
				Fig. 5 Close-Coupled Single-Stage End-Suction Pump
				Fig. 6 Frame-Mounted End-Suction Pump on Base Plate
				Fig. 7 Base-Mounted, Horizontal (Axial), Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump
				Fig. 8 Base-Mounted, Vertical, Split-Case, Single-Stage, Double-Suction Pump
				Fig. 9 Base-Mounted, Horizontal, Split-Case, Multistage Pump
				Fig. 10 Vertical In-Line Split-Coupled Pump (Double Suction Impeller)
				Fig. 11 Vertical In-Line Pump (Single Suction Impeller)
				Fig. 12 Vertical Turbine Pump
				Fig. 13 Typical Pump Performance Curve
				Fig. 14 Typical Pump Curve
				Fig. 15 Flat Versus Steep Performance Curves
				Fig. 16 Typical Pump Manufacturer’s Performance Curve Series
				Fig. 17 Typical System Curve
				Fig. 18 Typical System Curve with Independent Pressure
				Fig. 19 System and Pump Curves
				Fig. 20 System Curve Change due to Part-Load Flow
				Fig. 21 Pump Operating Points
				Fig. 22 System Curve, Constant and Variable Pressure Loss
				Fig. 23 Typical Pump Water Power Increase with Flow
				Fig. 24 Pump Efficiency Versus Flow
				Fig. 25 Pump Efficiency Curves
				Fig. 26 Pump Best Efficiency Curves
				Fig. 27 Pumping Power, Pressure, and Flow Versus Pump Speed
				Fig. 28 Example Application of Affinity Law
				Fig. 29 Variable-Speed Pump Operating Points
				Fig. 30 Radial Thrust
				Fig. 31 Radial Thrust Versus Pumping Rate
				Fig. 32 Cavitation in Impeller
				Fig. 33 Net Positive Suction Pressure Available
				Fig. 34 Pump Performance and NPSR Curves
				Fig. 35 Pump Selection Regions
				Fig. 36 Pump Curve Construction for Parallel Operation
				Fig. 37 Operating Conditions for Parallel Operation
				Fig. 38 Construction of Curve for Dissimilar Parallel Pumps
				Fig. 39 Typical Piping for Parallel Pumps
				Fig. 40 Pump Curve Construction for Series Operation
				Fig. 41 Operating Conditions for Series Operation
				Fig. 42 Typical Piping for Series Pumps
				Fig. 43 Primary-Secondary Pumping
				Fig. 44 Variable-Speed Central Pumping
				Fig. 45 Variable-Speed Distributed Pumping
				Fig. 46 Constant-Pressure Control
				Fig. 47 Variable- (Proportional-) Pressure Control
				Fig. 48 Variable- (Quadratic-) Pressure Control
				Fig. 49 Efficiency Comparison of Four-Pole Motors
				Fig. 50 Typical Efficiency Range of Variable-Speed Drives
				Fig. 51 Base-Plate-Mounted Centrifugal Pump Installation
				Fig. 52 In-Line Pump Installation
		--- CHAPTER 45: MOTORS, MOTOR CONTROLS, AND VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVES ---
			1. MOTORS
				1.1 Alternating-Current Power Supply
				1.2 Codes and Standards
				1.3 Motor Efficiency
				1.4 General-Purpose Motors
					Application
				1.5 Permanent-Magnet AC Motors
				1.6 Hermetic Motors
					Application
				1.7 Integral Thermal Protection
				1.8 Motor Protection and Control
					Separate Motor Protection
					Protection of Control Apparatus and Branch Circuit Conductors
					Three-Phase Motor Starting
					Direct-Current Motor Starting
					Single-Phase Motor Starting
					Operating AC Induction Motors above Nameplate Speed Using Variable-Frequency Drives
					VFD-Induced Bearing Currents
					Detecting Bearing Currents
					Strategies for Mitigating Bearing Currents
			2. AIR VOLUME CONTROL
				2.1 Variable-Frequency Drives
					Power Transistor Characteristics
					Motor and Conductor Impedance
					Motor Ratings and NEMA Standards
					Motor Noise and Drive Carrier Frequencies
					Carrier Frequencies and Drive Ratings
				2.2 Power Distribution System Effects
					VFDs and Harmonics
				2.3 performance testing and rating standards
					Calculating VFD and Motor Efficiency
					VFD-Generated Harmonics
					Motor Insulation Stress
					References
					Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Motor and Motor Control Equipment Voltages (Alternating Current)
				Table 2 Effect of Voltage and Frequency Variation on Induction Motor Characteristics*
				Table 3 Motor Types
				Table 4 Characteristics of AC Motors (Nonhermetic)
				Table 5 Comparison of VAV Energy Consumption with Various Volume Control Techniques
				Table 6 Speed/Torque Points for Drive System Efficiency and Motor Stress Insulation Tests*
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Performance Characteristics of Capacitor-Start/Induction-Run Two-Pole General-Purpose Motor, 0.75 kW
				Fig. 2 Typical Performance Characteristics of Resistance-Start Split-Phase Two-Pole Hermetic Motor, 0.2 kW
				Fig. 3 Typical Performance Characteristics of Permanent Split-Capacitor Two-Pole Motor, 0.75 kW
				Fig. 4 Typical Performance Characteristics of Three-Phase Two-Pole Motor, 4 kW
				Fig. 5 Motor Voltage Versus Frequency
				Fig. 6 Motor Torque Limits Versus Frequency
				Fig. 7 Motor Power Capacity at Maximum Extended Frequency
				Fig. 8 Fluted Bearing from VFD-Induced Electrical Bearing Current Discharges
				Fig. 9 2.5 V Peak Shaft Voltage, No Discharge
				Fig. 10 14.6 V Peak Shaft Voltage, No Discharge
				Fig. 11 11.4 V Peak Shaft Voltage, Discharge Detected
				Fig. 12 32.2 V Peak Shaft Voltage, Discharge Detected
				Fig. 13 Common Mode Toroid Built into Output of VFD
				Fig. 14 Typical Common-Mode Toroids for Retrofitting into Output of VFD
				Fig. 15 Shaft Grounding Ring Installed on Motor
				Fig. 16 Fan Duty Cycle for a VAV System
				Fig. 17 Outlet Damper Control
				Fig. 18 Variable Inlet Vane Control
				Fig. 19 Eddy Current Coupling Control
				Fig. 20 AC Drive Control
				Fig. 21 Bipolar Versus IGBT PWM Switching
				Fig. 22 Motor and Drive Relative Impedance
				Fig. 23 Typical Switching Times, Cable Distance, and Pulse Peak Voltage
				Fig. 24 Typical Reflected Wave Voltage Levels at Drive and Motor Insulation
				Fig. 25 Motor Voltage Peak and Limits
				Fig. 26 Damaging Reflected Waves above Motor CIV Levels
				Fig. 27 Motor Audible Noise
				Fig. 28 Voltage Waveform Distortion by Pulse-Width-Modulated VSD
				Fig. 29 Basic Elements of Solid-State Drive
				Fig. 30 Remote Complete Drive Module (CDM) Test Setup
				Fig. 31 Attached Complete Drive Module (CDM)
		--- CHAPTER 46: VALVES ---
			1. Fundamentals
				Body Ratings
				Materials
				Flow Factor and Pressure Drop
				Cavitation
				Water Hammer
				Noise
				Body Styles
			2. Manual Valves
				Selection
				Globe Valves
				Gate Valves
				Plug Valves
				Ball Valves
				Butterfly Valves
			3. Automatic Valves
				Actuators
				Pneumatic Actuators
				Electric Actuators
				Electronic Hydraulic Actuators
				Solenoids
				Thermostatic Radiator Valves
				Control of Automatic Valves
				Two-Way Valves
				Three-Way Valves
				Special-Purpose Valves
				Ball Valves
				Butterfly Valves
				Pressure-Independent Control Valves
				Flow-Limiting Valves
				Control Valve Flow Characteristics
				Control Valve Sizing
			4. Balancing Valves
				Manual Balancing Valves
				Automatic Flow-Limiting Valves
				Balancing Valve Selection
			5. Multiple-Purpose Valves
			6. Safety Devices
			7. Self-Contained Temperature Control Valves
			8. Pressure-Reducing Valves
				Makeup Water Valves
			9. Check Valves
			10. Stop-Check Valves
			11. Backflow Prevention Devices
				Selection
				Installation
			12. Steam Traps
				References
				Bibliography
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Flow Coefficient Test Arrangement
				Fig. 2 Valve Cavitation at Sharp Curves
				Fig. 3 Globe Valve
				Fig. 4 Two Variations of Gate Valve
				Fig. 5 Plug Valve
				Fig. 6 Ball Valve
				Fig. 7 Butterfly Valve
				Fig. 8 Two-Way, Direct-Acting Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner
				Fig. 9 Two-Way Control Valve with Electric Actuator
				Fig. 10 Electric Solenoid Valve
				Fig. 11 Thermostatic Valves
				Fig. 12 Typical Three-Way Control Applications
				Fig. 14 Butterfly Valves, Diverting Tee Application
				Fig. 15 Pressure-Independent Control Valve
				Fig. 16 Control Valve Flow Characteristics
				Fig. 17 Heat Output, Flow, and Stem Travel Characteristics of Equal-Percentage Valve
				Fig. 18 Authority Distortion of Linear Flow Characteristics
				Fig. 19 Authority Distortion of Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristic
				Fig. 20 Manual Balancing Valve
				Fig. 21 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve
				Fig. 22 Automatic Flow-Limiting Valve Curve
				Fig. 23 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Straight Pattern) on Discharge of Pump
				Fig. 24 Typical Multiple-Purpose Valve (Angle Pattern) on Discharge of Pump
				Fig. 25 Safety/Relief Valve with Drip-Pan Elbow
				Fig. 26 Self-Operated Temperature Control Valve
				Fig. 27 Pilot-Operated Steam Valve
				Fig. 28 Swing Check Valves
				Fig. 29 Backflow Prevention Device
		--- CHAPTER 47: HEAT EXCHANGERS ---
			1. Fundamentals
			2. Types of Heat Exchangers
				Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
				Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchanger
				Plate Heat Exchangers
				Double-Wall Heat Exchangers
			3. Components
				Shell-and-Tube Components
				Plate Components
			4. Application
			5. Selection Criteria
				Thermal/Mechanical Design
				Cost
				Maintenance
				Space Requirements
				Steam
				Water Quality
			6. Installation
				Additional Resources
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Temperature Distribution in Counterflow Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 2 Counterflow Path in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 3 U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast K-Pattern Flanged Head
				Fig. 4 U-Tube Tank Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Bonnet Head
				Fig. 5 U-Tube Tank Suction Heater with Removable Bundle Assembly and Cast Flanged Head
				Fig. 6 Straight-Tube Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Fabricated Bonnet Heads and Split-Shell Flow Design
				Fig. 7 Straight-Tube Floating Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger with Removable Bundle Assembly and Fabricated Channel Heads
				Fig. 8 Flow Path of Gasketed-Plate Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 9 Flow Path of Welded-Plate Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 10 Brazed-Plate Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 11 Double-Wall Tube
				Fig. 12 Double-Wall Plate Cassette for Gasketed Plate and Frame Exchanger
				Fig. 13 Double-Wall Plate Assembly with Brazed-Plate Exchanger
				Fig. 14 Exploded View of Straight-Tube Heat Exchanger
				Fig. 15 Components of a Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger
		--- CHAPTER 48: UNITARY AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS ---
			1. General Design Considerations
				User Requirements
				Application Requirements
				Installation
				Service
				Sustainability
			2. Types of Unitary Equipment
				Single-Package Equipment: Types and Installations
				Combined Space-Conditioning/Water-Heating Systems
				Engine-Driven Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners
			3. Equipment and System Standards
				Energy Conservation and Efficiency
				AHRI Certification Programs
				Safety Standards and Installation Codes
			4. Air Conditioners
				Refrigerant Circuit Design
				Air-Handling Systems
				Electrical Design
				Mechanical Design
				Accessories
				Heating
			5. Air-Source Heat Pumps
				Add-On Heat Pumps
				Selection
				Refrigerant Circuit and Components
				System Control and Installation
			6. Water-Source Heat Pumps
				Systems
				Performance Certification Programs
				Equipment Design
			7. Variable-Refrigerant-Flow Heat Pumps
				Application
				Categories
				Refrigerant Circuit and Components
				Heating and Defrost Operation
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 AHRI Standard 210/240 Classification of Unitary Air Conditioners
				Table 2 AHRI Standard 210/240 Classification of Air-Source Unitary Heat Pumps
				Table 3 Amended Energy Conservation Standards for Residential Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, Effective January 1, 2023
				Table 4 Space Requirements for Typical Packaged Water-Source Heat Pumps
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Rooftop Air-Cooled Single-Package Air 
Conditioner
				Fig. 2 Single-Package Air Equipment with Variable Air Volume
				Fig. 3 Example of Two-Zone Ductless Multisplit System in Typical Residential Installation
				Fig. 4 Water-Cooled Single-Package Air Conditioner
				Fig. 5 Rooftop Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit
				Fig. 6 Multistory Rooftop Installation of Single-Package Unit
				Fig. 7 Through-the-Wall Installation of Air-Cooled Single-Package Unit
				Fig. 8 Residential Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Coil and Upflow Furnace
				Fig. 9 Outdoor Installations of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Units with Coil and Upflow Furnace or with Indoor Blower-Coils
				Fig. 10 Outdoor Installation of Split-System Air-Cooled Condensing Unit with Indoor Coil and Downflow Furnace
				Fig. 11 Regional Appliance Efficiency Standards Map, Effective January 1, 2015
				Fig. 12 Schematic Typical of Air-to-Air Heat Pump System
				Fig. 13 Operating Characteristics of Single-Stage Unmodulated Heat Pump
				Fig. 14 Schematic of Typical Water-Source Heat Pump System
				Fig. 15 Typical Horizontal Water-Source Heat Pump
				Fig. 16 Typical Vertical Water-Source Heat Pump
				Fig. 17 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems
		--- CHAPTER 49: ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS AND PACKAGED TERMINAL AIR CONDITIONERS ---
			Tables
				Table 1 Minimum Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Schematic View of Typical Room Air Conditioner
				Fig. 2 Sectional Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner
				Fig. 3 Integrated Packaged Terminal Air Conditioner
		--- CHAPTER 50: THERMAL STORAGE ---
			Terminology
			Classification of Systems
			Storage Media
			Basic Thermal Storage Concepts
			Benefits of Thermal Storage
			Design Considerations
			1. Sensible Thermal Storage Technology
				Sensible Energy Storage
				Temperature Range and Storage Size
				Techniques for Thermal Separation in Sensible Storage Devices
				Performance of Chilled-Water Storage Systems
				Design of Stratification Diffusers
				Storage Tank Insulation
				Other Factors
				Chilled-Water Storage Tanks
				Low-Temperature Fluid Sensible Energy Storage
				Storage in Aquifers
				Chilled-Water Thermal Storage Sizing Examples
			2. Latent Cool Storage Technology
				Water as Phase-Change Thermal Storage Medium
				Internal Melt Ice-On-Coil
			3. Chiller and Ice Storage Selection
				Operation With Disabled Chiller
				Selecting Storage Equipment
				External-Melt Ice-On-Coil
				Encapsulated Ice
				Ice Harvesters
				Ice Slurry Systems
				Unitary Thermal Storage Systems
				Other Phase-Change Materials
			4. Heat Storage Technology
				Sizing Heat Storage Systems
				Service Water Heating
				Brick Storage (ETS) Heaters
				Pressurized Water Storage Heaters
				Underfloor Heat Storage
				Building Mass Thermal Storage
				Factors Favoring Thermal Storage
				Comparative Value of TEC versus Other Energy Storage Technologies
				Factors Discouraging Thermal Storage
				Typical Applications
			5. Sizing Cool Storage Systems
				Sizing Strategies
				Calculating Load Profiles
				Sizing Equipment
			6. Application of Thermal Storage Systems
				Chilled-Water Storage Systems
				Ice (and PCM) Storage Systems
				Unitary Thermal Storage Systems (UTSSs)
			7. Operation and Control
				Operating Modes
				Control Strategies
				Operating Strategies
				Utility Demand Control
				Instrumentation Requirements
			8. Other Design Considerations
				Hydronic System Design for Open Systems
				Cold-Air Distribution
				Storage of Heat in Cool Storage Units
				System Interface
				Insulation
			9. Cost Considerations
			10. Maintenance Considerations
				Water Treatment
			11. Commissioning
				Statement of Design Intent
				Commissioning Specification
				Required Information
				Performance Verification
				Sample Commissioning Plan Outline for Chilled-Water Plants with Thermal Storage Systems
			12. Good Practices
				References
				Bibliography
			Tables
				Table 1 Chilled-Water Density Table
				Table 2 Peak Day Full-Storage TES Sizing Calculations
				Table 3 Peak-Day Partial-Storage TES Sizing Calculations
				Table 4 Design Day Chiller and Storage Load Contributions 
and Leaving Coolant Temperatures (LCT)
				Table 5 Common Thermal Storage Operating Modes
				Table 6 Recommended Accuracies of Instrumentation for Measurement of Cool Storage Capacity
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical Two-Ring Octagonal Slotted Pipe Diffuser
				Fig. 2 Typical Temperature Stratification Profile in Storage Tank
				Fig. 3 Typical Chilled-Water Storage Profiles
				Fig. 4 Radial Disk Diffuser
				Fig. 5 Full-Storage TES Tank Peak-Day Operation: Facility Cooling Load Versus Chiller Output
				Fig. 6 TES Tank Full-Storage Capacity (kWh) and Chiller Operation Output (kW)
				Fig. 7 Cooling Load (kW) and Chiller Load (kW) with Partial-Storage TES Tank
				Fig. 8 TES Tank Partial-Storage Capacity (kWh) and Chiller Operation Output (kW)
				Fig. 9 Charge and Discharge of Internal-Melt Ice Storage
				Fig. 10 Design-Day Cooling Load
				Fig. 11 Minimum-Sized Chilled and Storage Contribution to Cooling Load
				Fig. 12 Redundancy with One of Two Chillers Disabled
				Fig. 13 Charge and Discharge of External-Melt Ice Storage
				Fig. 14 Encapsulated Ice: Spherical Container
				Fig. 15 Ice-Harvesting Schematic
				Fig. 16 Representative Sizing Factor Selection Graph for Residential Storage Heaters
				Fig. 17 Typical Storage Heater Performance Characteristics
				Fig. 18 Room Storage Heater
				Fig. 19 Room Storage Heater Dynamic Discharge and Charge Curves
				Fig. 20 Static Discharge from Room Storage Heater
				Fig. 21 Pressurized Water Heater
				Fig. 22 Underfloor Heat Storage
				Fig. 23 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Re
				Fig. 24 Annual Energy Cost Savings from Precooling, Relative to Conventional Controls, as Function of Rd
				Fig. 25 Typical Sensible Storage Connection Scheme
				Fig. 26 Direct Transfer Pumping Interface
				Fig. 27 Charge Mode Status of Direct Transfer Pumping Interface
				Fig. 28 Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface
				Fig. 29 Charge Mode Status of Indirect Transfer Pumping Interface
				Fig. 30 Primary/Secondary Chilled-Water Plant with Stratified Storage Tank as Decoupler
				Fig. 31 Series Flow, Chiller Upstream
				Fig. 32 Series Flow, Chiller Downstream
				Fig. 33 Parallel Flow for Chiller and Storage
				Fig. 34 Typical UTSS with Packaged DX Equipment
		--- CHAPTER 51: DEDICATED OUTDOOR AIR SYSTEMS ---
			1. Applications
				1.1 Humidity Control
				1.2 Energy Impact
				1.3 Systems without ventilation capabilities
				1.4 First-Cost Reduction
			2. Air Distribution
				2.1 Direct supply to Each Zone
				2.2 Supply to Intake of Local Units
				2.3 Delivery to Supply Side of Local Units
				2.4 Supply to Plenum Near Local Units
			3. Equipment configurations
			Tables
				Table 1 Example of Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit Control Modes
			Figures
				Fig. 1 Typical DOAS Configuration for Large Retail Store
				Fig. 2 Annual Cumulative Latent (Dehumidification) and Sensible Cooling Loads from Outdoor Air
				Fig. 3 Design Extremes
				Fig. 4 Typical DOAS Configuration Diagram during Humid-Season Operation
				Fig. 5 Demand-Controlled Ventilation Benefits in DOAS
				Fig. 6 Schematic of DOAS Supplying Conditioned Outdoor Air Directly to Each Zone
				Fig. 7 Common DOAS Equipment Configuration with Total-Energy Wheel
				Fig. 8 Common DOAS Equipment Configuration with Heat Pipe
				Fig. 9 Example of Dedicated Outdoor Air Unit Control Modes
		--- CHAPTER 52: CODES AND STANDARDS ---
	--- Additions and Corrections ---
		2017 Fundamentals
		2019 HVAC Applications
	--- COMPOSITE INDEX: ASHRAE HANDBOOK SERIES ---
		Abbreviations, F38
		Absorbents
		Absorption
		Acoustics. See Sound
		Activated alumina, S24.1, 4, 12
		Activated carbon adsorption, A47.9
		Adaptation, environmental, F9.17
		ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index (ADPI)
		Adsorbents
		Adsorption
		Aeration, of farm crops, A26
		Aerosols, S29.1
		AFDD. See Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD)
		Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S44.8
		AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
		AHU. See Air handlers
		Air
		Air barriers, F25.9; F26.5
		Airborne infectious diseases, F10.7
		Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning)
		Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)
		Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning)
		Air contaminants, F11. (See also Contaminants)
		Aircraft, A13
		Air curtains
		Air diffusers, S20
		Air diffusion, F20
		Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), A58.6
		Air dispersion systems, fabric, S19.11
		Air distribution, A58; F20; S4; S20
		Air exchange rate
		Air filters. See Filters, air
		Airflow
		Airflow retarders, F25.9
		Air flux, F25.2. (See also Airflow)
		Air handlers
		Air inlets
		Air intakes
		Air jets. See Air diffusion
		Air leakage. (See also Infiltration)
		Air mixers, S4.8
		Air outlets
		Airports, air conditioning, A3.6
		Air quality. (See also Indoor air quality [IAQ])
		Air terminal units (ATUs)
		Airtightness, F37.24
		Air-to-air energy recovery, S26
		Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.13
		Air transport, R27
		Air washers
		Algae, control, A50.12
		All-air systems
		Altitude, effects of
		Ammonia
		Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A56.7
		Anemometers
		Animal environments
		Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S34.2
		Antifreeze
		Antisweat heaters (ASH), R15.5
		Apartment buildings
		Aquifers, thermal storage, S50.7
		Archimedes number, F20.6
		Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
		Arenas
		Argon, recovery, R47.17
		Asbestos, F10.5
		ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)
		Atriums
		Attics, unconditioned, F27.2
		Auditoriums, A5.3
		Automated fault detection and diagnostics (AFDD), A40.4; A63.1
		Automobiles
		Autopsy rooms, A9.12; A10.6, 7
		Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion, F28.11
		Backflow-prevention devices, S46.14
		BACnet®; F7.18
		Bacteria
		Bakery products, R41
		Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9
		Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and balancing)
		BAS. See Building automation systems (BAS)
		Baseboard units
		Basements
		Bayesian analysis, F19.37
		Beer’s law, F4.16
		Behavior
		BEMP. See Building energy modeling professional (BEMP)
		Bernoulli equation, F21.1
		Best efficiency point (BEP), S44.8
		Beverages, R39
		BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM)
		Bioaerosols
		Biocides, control, A50.13
		Biodiesel, F28.8
		Biological safety cabinets, A17.5
		Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
		Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		Boilers, F19.21; S32
		Boiling
		Brayton cycle
		Bread, R41
		Breweries
		Brines. See Coolants, secondary
		Building automation systems (BAS), A41.8; A63.1; F7.14
		Building energy modeling professional (BEMP), F19.5
		Building energy monitoring, A42. (See also Energy, monitoring)
		Building envelopes
		Building information modeling (BIM), A41.8; A60.18
		Building materials, properties, F26
		Building performance simulation (BPS), A65.8
		Buildings
		Building thermal mass
		Burners
		Buses
		Bus terminals
		Butane, commercial, F28.5
		CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)
		Cafeterias, service water heating, A51.12, 21
		Calcium chloride brines, F31.1
		Candy
		Capillary action, and moisture flow, F25.10
		Capillary tubes
		Carbon dioxide
		Carbon emissions, F34.7
		Carbon monoxide
		Cargo containers, R25
		Carnot refrigeration cycle, F2.6
		Cattle, beef and dairy, A25.7. (See also Animal environments)
		CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)
		Cavitation, F3.13
		CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		CEER. See Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER)
		Ceiling effect. See Coanda effect
		Ceilings
		Central air conditioning, A43. (See also Air conditioning)
		Central plant optimization, A8.13
		Central plants
		Central systems
		Cetane number, engine fuels, F28.9
		CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
		Change-point regression models, F19.28
		Charge minimization, R1.36
		Charging, refrigeration systems, R8.4
		Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents, A61
		Chemical plants
		Chemisorption, A47.10
		Chilled beams, S20.10
		Chilled water (CW)
		Chillers
		Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F6.7
		Chimneys, S35
		Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A35.44
		Chocolate, R42.1. (See also Candy)
		Choking, F3.13
		CHP systems. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
		Cinemas, A5.3
		CKV. See Commercial kitchen ventilation (CVK)
		Claude cycle, R47.8
		Cleanrooms. See Clean spaces
		Clean spaces, A19
		Clear-sky solar radiation, calculation, F14.8
		Climate change
		Climatic design information, F14
		Clinics, A9.17
		Clothing
		CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF)
		CMMS. See Computerized maintenance management system (CMSS)
		Coal
		Coanda effect, A34.23; F20.2, 7; S20.2
		Codes, A66. (See also Standards)
		Coefficient of performance (COP)
		Coefficient of variance of the root mean square error (CV[RMSE]), F19.33
		Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP)
		Coils
		Colburn’s analogy, F4.17
		Colebrook equation
		Collaborative design, A60
		Collectors, solar, A36.6, 11, 24, 25; S37.3
		Colleges and universities, A8.11
		Combined energy efficiency ratio (CEER), S49.3
		Combined heat and power (CHP), S7
		Combustion, F28
		Combustion air systems
		Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.21; S8.1
		Comfort. (See also Physiological principles, humans)
		Commercial and public buildings, A3
		Commercial kitchen ventilation (CKV), A34
		Commissioning, A44
		Comprehensive room transfer function method (CRTF), F19.11
		Compressors, S38
		Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F13.1, F19.25
		Computer-aided design (CAD), A19.6
		Computerized maintenance management system (CMMS), A60.17
		Computers, A41
		Concert halls, A5.4
		Concrete
		Condensate
		Condensation
		Condensers, S39
		Conductance, thermal, F4.3; F25.1
		Conduction
		Conductivity, thermal, F25.1; F26.1
		Constant air volume (CAV)
		Construction. (See also Building envelopes)
		Containers. (See also Cargo containers)
		Contaminants
		Continuity, fluid dynamics, F3.2
		Control. (See also Controls, automatic; Supervisory control)
		Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage
		Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A25.16
		Controls, automatic, F7. (See also Control)
		Convection
		Convectors
		Convention centers, A5.5
		Conversion factors, F39
		Cooking appliances
		Coolants, secondary
		Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
		Cooling. (See also Air conditioning)
		Cooling load
		Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F18.57
		Cooling towers, S40
		Cool storage, S50.1
		COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
		Corn, drying, A26.1
		Correctional facilities. See Justice facilities
		Corrosion
		Costs. (See also Economics)
		Cotton, drying, A26.8
		Courthouses, A10.5
		Courtrooms, A10.5
		CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
		Crawlspaces
		Critical spaces
		Crops. See Farm crops
		Cruise terminals, A3.6
		Cryogenics, R47
		Curtain walls, F15.6
		Dairy products, R33
		Dampers
		Dampness problems in buildings, A64.1
		Dams, concrete cooling, R45.1
		Darcy equation, F21.6
		Darcy-Weisbach equation
		Data centers, A20
		Data-driven modeling
		Daylighting, F19.26
		DDC. See Direct digital control (DDC)
		Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS), F36.12; S4.14; S18.2, 8; S25.4; S51
		Definitions, of refrigeration terms, R50
		Defrosting
		Degree-days, F14.12
		Dehumidification, A48.15; S24
		Dehumidifiers
		Dehydration
		Demand control kitchen ventilation (DCKV), A34.20
		Density
		Dental facilities, A9.17
		Desiccants, F32.1; S24.1
		Design-day climatic data, F14.12
		Desorption isotherm, F26.20
		Desuperheaters
		Detection
		Dew point, A64.8
		Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R47.5
		Diesel fuel, F28.9
		Diffusers, air, sound control, A49.12
		Diffusion
		Diffusivity
		Dilution
		Dining halls, in justice facilities, A10.4
		DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)
		Direct digital control (DDC), F7.4, 11
		Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence modeling, F13.4; F24.13
		Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		Disabilities, A8.23
		Discharge coefficients, in fluid flow, F3.9
		Dispersive infrared (DIR), F7.10
		Display cases
		Display cases, R15.2, 5
		District energy (DE). See District heating and cooling (DHC)
		District heating and cooling (DHC), S12
		d-limonene, F31.12
		DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
		DOAS. See Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
		Doors
		Dormitories
		Draft
		Drag, in fluid flow, F3.5
		Driers, R7.6. (See also Dryers)
		Drip station, steam systems, S12.14
		Dryers. (See also Driers)
		Drying
		DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system
		Dual-duct systems
		Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S13.1
		DuBois equation, F9.3
		Duct connections, A64.10
		Duct design
		Ducts
		Dust mites, F25.16
		Dusts, S29.1
		Dynamometers, A18.1
		Earth, stabilization, R45.3, 4
		Earthquakes, seismic-resistant design, A56.1
		Economic analysis, A38
		Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.2
		Economic performance degradation index (EPDI), A63.5
		Economics. (See also Costs)
		Economizers
		ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP)
		ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)
		Eddy diffusivity, F6.7
		Educational facilities, A8
		EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
		Effectiveness, heat transfer, F4.22
		Effectiveness-NTU heat exchanger model, F19.19
		Effective radiant flux (ERF), A54.2
		Efficiency
		Eggs, R34
		Electricity
		Electric thermal storage (ETS), S50.17
		Electronic smoking devices (“e-cigarettes”), F11.19
		Electrostatic precipitators, S29.7; S30.7
		Elevators
		Emissions, pollution, F28.8
		Emissivity, F4.2
		Emittance, thermal, F25.2
		Enclosed vehicular facilities, A16
		Energy
		Energy and water use and management, A37
		Energy efficiency ratio (EER)
		Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A38.8
		Energy transfer station, S12.37
		Engines, S7
		Engine test facilities, A18
		Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils
		Enthalpy
		Entropy, F2.1
		Environmental control
		Environmental control system (ECS), A13
		Environmental health, F10
		Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)
		EPDI. See Economic performance degradation index (EPDI)
		Equipment vibration, A49.44; F8.17
		ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)
		ESPC. See Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC)
		Ethylene glycol, in hydronic systems, S13.23
		ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS)
		Evaluation. See Testing
		Evaporation, in tubes
		Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)
		Evaporative cooling, A53
		Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)
		Exfiltration, F16.2
		Exhaust
		Exhibit buildings, temporary, A5.6
		Exhibit cases
		Exhibition centers, A5.5
		Expansion joints and devices
		Expansion tanks, S12.10
		Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		Fairs, A5.6
		Family courts, A10.4. (See also Juvenile detention facilities)
		Fan-coil units, S5.6
		Fans, F19.18; S21
		Farm crops, drying and storing, A26
		Faults, system, reasons for detecting, A40.4
		f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A36.20
		Fenestration. (See also Windows)
		Fick’s law, F6.1
		Filters, air, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
		Finned-tube heat-distributing units, S36.2, 5
		Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F4.25
		Fins, F4.6
		Fire/smoke control. See Smoke control
		Firearm laboratories, A10.7
		Fire management, A54.2
		Fireplaces, S34.5
		Fire safety
		Fish, R19; R32
		Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums)
		Fittings
		Fixed-guideway vehicles, A12.7. (See also Mass-transit systems)
		Fixture units, A51.1, 28
		Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F28.1
		Flash tank, steam systems, S11.14
		Floors
		Flowers, cut
		Flowmeters, A39.27; F37.18
		Fluid dynamics computations, F13.1
		Fluid flow, F3
		Food. (See also specific foods)
		Food service
		Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1
		Forensic labs, A10.6
		Fouling factor
		Foundations
		Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A50.15
		Fourier’s law, and heat transfer, F25.5
		Four-pipe systems, S5.5
		Framing, for fenestration
		Freeze drying, A31.6
		Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems)
		Freeze protection systems, A52.19, 20
		Freezers
		Freezing
		Friction, in fluid flow
		Fruit juice, R38
		Fruits
		Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP), S7.22
		Fuels, F28
		Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A17.3
		Fungi
		Furnaces, S33
		Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
		Garages
		Gases
		Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas)
		Gas vents, S35.1
		Gaussian process (GP) models, F19.30
		GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
		Generators
		Geothermal energy, A35
		Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A35.1
		Glaser method, F25.15
		Glazing
		Global climate change, and refrigerants, F29.1
		Global warming potential (GWP), F29.5
		Glossary, of refrigeration terms, R50
		Glycols, desiccant solution, S24.2
		Graphical symbols, F38
		Green design, and sustainability, F35.1
		Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)
		Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
		Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)
		Ground-coupled systems, F19.23
		Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A35.1
		Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A35.30
		GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP)
		Guard stations, in justice facilities, A10.5
		GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP)
		GWP. See Global warming potential (GWP)
		Gymnasiums, A5.5; A8.3
		HACCP. See Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)
		Halocarbon
		Hartford loop, S11.3
		Hay, drying, A26.7
		Hazard analysis and control, F10.4
		Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), R22.4
		Hazen-Williams equation, F22.6
		HB. See Heat balance (HB)
		Health
		Health care facilities, A9. (See also specific types)
		Health effects, mold, A64.1
		Heat
		Heat and moisture control, F27.1
		Heat balance (HB), S9.23
		Heat balance method, F19.3
		Heat capacity, F25.1
		Heat control, F27
		Heaters, S34
		Heat exchangers, S47
		Heat flow, F25. (See also Heat transfer)
		Heat flux, F25.1
		Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)
		Heating
		Heating load
		Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF), S48.6
		Heating values of fuels, F28.3, 9, 11
		Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)
		Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S26.14
		Heat pumps
		Heat recovery. (See also Energy, recovery)
		Heat storage. See Thermal storage
		Heat stress
		Heat transfer, F4; F25; F26; F27. (See also Heat flow)
		Heat transmission
		Heat traps, A51.1
		Helium
		High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A29.3; S29.6; S30.3
		High-rise buildings. See Tall buildings
		High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R33.2
		High-temperature water (HTW) system, S13.1
		Homeland security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		Hoods
		Hospitals, A9.3
		Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F25.8
		Hotels and motels, A7
		Hot-gas bypass, R1.35
		Houses of worship, A5.3
		HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI)
		HSPF. See Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF)
		HTST. See High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization
		Humidification, S22
		Humidifiers, S22
		Humidity (See also Moisture)
		HVAC security, A61
		Hybrid inverse change point model, F19.31
		Hybrid ventilation, F19.26
		Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), R1.1
		Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), R1.1
		Hydrogen, liquid, R47.3
		Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems)
		Hygrometers, F7.9; F37.10, 11
		Hygrothermal loads, F25.2
		Hygrothermal modeling, F25.15; F27.10
		IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)
		IBD. See Integrated building design (IBD)
		Ice
		Ice makers
		Ice rinks, A5.5; R44
		ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A61.9
		Ignition temperatures of fuels, F28.2
		IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)
		Illuminance, F37.31
		Indoor airflow, A59.1
		Indoor air quality (IAQ). (See also Air quality)
		Indoor environmental modeling, F13
		Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), kitchens, A33.20. (See also Air quality)
		Indoor swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
		Induction
		Industrial applications
		Industrial environments, A15, A32; A33
		Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners)
		Industrial hygiene, F10.3
		Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)
		Infrared applications
		In-room terminal systems
		Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments or applications)
		Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F15.5
		Insulation, thermal
		Integrated building design (IBD), A60.1
		Integrated project delivery (IPD), A60.1
		Integrated project delivery and building design,
		Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.12
		Internal heat gains, F19.13
		Jacketing, insulation, R10.7
		Jails, A10.4
		Joule-Thomson cycle, R47.6
		Judges’ chambers, A10.5
		Juice, R38.1
		Jury facilities, A10.5
		Justice facilities, A10
		Juvenile detention facilities, A9.1. (See also Family courts)
		K-12 schools, A8.3
		Kelvin’s equation, F25.11
		Kirchoff’s law, F4.12
		Kitchens, A34
		Kleemenko cycle, R47.13
		Krypton, recovery, R47.18
		Laboratories, A17
		Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A10.8
		Lakes, heat transfer, A35.37
		Laminar flow
		Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F13.3; F24.13
		Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F37.17
		Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F37.17
		Latent energy change materials, S50.2
		Laundries
		LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)
		LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A61.9
		LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)
		LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)
		LE. See Life expectancy (LE) rating
		Leakage
		Leakage function, relationship, F16.15
		Leak detection of refrigerants, F29.9
		Legionella pneumophila, A50.15; F10.7
		Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila
		LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
		Lewis relation, F6.9; F9.4
		Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
		Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A23.3
		Lighting
		Light measurement, F37.31
		LIMS. See Laboratory information management systems (LIMS)
		Linde cycle, R47.6
		Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S8.6
		Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F28.5
		Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R4
		Lithium bromide/water, F30.71
		Lithium chloride, S24.2
		LNG. See Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
		Load calculations
		Load collector ratio (LCR), A36.22
		Local exhaust. See Exhaust
		Loss coefficients
		Louvers, F15.33
		Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S13.1
		LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
		LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW) system
		Lubricants, R6.1; R12. (See also Lubrication; Oil)
		Lubrication, R12
		Mach number, S38.32
		Maintenance. (See also Operation and maintenance)
		Makeup air units, S28.8
		Malls, A2.7
		Manometers, differential pressure readout, A39.25
		Manufactured homes, A1.9
		Masonry, insulation, F26.7. (See also Building envelopes)
		Mass transfer, F6
		Mass-transit systems
		McLeod gages, F37.13
		Mean infectious dose (ID50), A61.9
		Mean lethal dose (LD50), A61.9
		Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A54.1
		Mean temperature difference, F4.22
		Measurement, F37. (See also Instruments)
		Meat, R30
		Mechanical equipment room, central
		Mechanical traps, steam systems, S11.8
		Medium-temperature water (MTW) system, S13.1
		Megatall buildings, A4.1
		Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F13.4
		Metabolic rate, F9.6
		Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R48.6
		Microbial growth, R22.4
		Microbial volatile organic chemicals (MVOCs), F10.8
		Microbiology of foods, R22.1
		Microphones, F37.29
		Mines, A30
		Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy, modeling)
		Model predictive control (MPC), A65.6
		Moist air
		Moisture (See also Humidity)
		Mold, A64.1; F25.16
		Mold-resistant gypsum board, A64.7
		Molecular sieves, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Zeolites)
		Montreal Protocol, F29.1
		Morgues, A9.1; R16.3
		Motors, S45
		Movie theaters, A5.3
		MPC (model predictive control), A65.6
		MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)
		Multifamily residences, A1.8
		Multiple-use complexes
		Multisplit unitary equipment, S48.1
		Multizone airflow modeling, F13.14
		Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries
		MVOCs. See Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs)
		Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)
		Natural gas, F28.5
		Navier-Stokes equations, F13.2
		NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curves
		Net positive suction head (NPSH), A35.31; R2.9; S44.10
		Network airflow models, F19.25
		Neutral pressure level (NPL), A4.1
		Night setback, recovery, A43.44
		Nitrogen
		Noise, F8.13. (See also Sound)
		Noise criterion (NC) curves, F8.16
		Noncondensable gases
		Normalized mean bias error (NMBE), F19.33
		NPL. See Neutral pressure level (NPL)
		NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH)
		NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)
		Nuclear facilities, A29
		Number of transfer units (NTU)
		Nursing facilities, A9.17
		Nuts, storage, R42.7
		Odors, F12
		ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
		Office buildings
		Oil, fuel, F28.7
		Oil. (See also Lubricants)
		Olf unit, F12.6
		One-pipe systems
		Operating costs, A38.4
		Operation and maintenance, A39. (See also Maintenance)
		Optimization, A43.4
		Outdoor air, free cooling (See also Ventilation)
		Outpatient health care facilities, A9.16
		Owning costs, A38.1
		Oxygen
		Ozone
		Ozone depletion potential (ODP), F29.5
		PACE. (See Property assessment for clean energy S50.2
		Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5
		Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5
		PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
		Paint, and moisture problems, F25.16
		Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also Radiant heating and cooling)
		Paper
		Paper products facilities, A27
		Parallel compressor systems, R15.14
		Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ), F10.5
		Passive heating, F19.27
		Pasteurization, R33.2
		Peak dew point, A64.10
		Peanuts, drying, A26.8
		PEC systems. See Personal environmental control (PEC) systems
		PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)
		Performance contracting, A42.2
		Performance monitoring, A48.6
		Permafrost stabilization, R45.4
		Permeability
		Permeance
		Permissible exposure limits (PELs), F10.5
		Personal environmental control (PEC) systems, F9.26
		Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms, A19.11
		Pharmacies, A9.13
		Phase-change materials, thermal storage in, S50.16, 27
		Photographic materials, A23
		Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18. (See also Solar energy)
		Physical properties of materials, F33
		Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort)
		Pigs. See Swine
		Pipes. (See also Piping)
		Piping. (See also Pipes)
		Pitot tubes, A39.2; F37.17
		Places of assembly, A5
		Planes. See Aircraft
		Plank’s equation, R20.7
		Plant environments, A25.10
		Plenums
		PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)
		Police stations, A10.1
		Pollutant transport modeling. See Contami- nants, indoor, concentration prediction
		Pollution
		Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), F10.6
		Polydimethylsiloxane, F31.12
		Ponds, spray, S40.6
		Pope cell, F37.12
		Positive building pressure, A64.11
		Positive positioners, F7.8
		Potatoes
		Poultry. (See also Animal environments)
		Power grid, A63.9
		Power-law airflow model, F13.14
		Power plants, A28
		PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)
		Prandtl number, F4.17
		Precooling
		Predicted mean vote (PMV), F37.32
		Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F9.18
		Preschools, A8.1
		Pressure
		Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation)
		Primary-air systems, S5.10
		Printing plants, A21
		Prisons, A10.4
		Produce
		Product load, R15.6
		Propane
		Property assessment for clean energy (PACE), A38.9
		Propylene glycol, hydronic systems, S13.23
		Psychrometers, F1.9
		Psychrometrics, F1
		PTACs. See Packaged terminal air condition- ers (PTACs)
		PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs)
		Public buildings. See Commercial and public buildings; Places of assembly
		Pumps, F19.18
		Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S43.11
		PV systems. See Photovoltaic (PV) systems; Solar energy
		Radiant heating and cooling, A55; S6.1; S15; S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling)
		Radiant time series (RTS) method, F18.2, 22
		Radiation
		Radiators, S36.1, 5
		Radioactive gases, contaminants, F11.21
		Radiometers, A54.7
		Radiosity method, F19.26
		Radon, F10.16, 22
		Rail cars, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
		Railroad tunnels, ventilation
		Rain, and building envelopes, F25.4
		RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation
		Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems
		Rayleigh number, F4.20
		Ray tracing method, F19.27
		RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curves
		Receivers
		Recycling refrigerants, R9.3
		Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F2.15
		Refrigerant control devices, R11
		Refrigerants, F29.1
		Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S43.11
		Refrigerated facilities, R23
		Refrigeration, F1.16. (See also Absorption; Adsorption)
		Refrigeration oils, R12. (See also Lubricants)
		Refrigerators
		Regulators. (See also Valves)
		Relative humidity, F1.8
		Residential health care facilities, A9.17
		Residential systems, A1
		Resistance, thermal, F4; F25; F26. (See also R-values)
		Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F7.9; F37.6
		Resistivity, thermal, F25.1
		Resource utilization factor (RUF), F34.2
		Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R19.17
		Restaurants
		Retail facilities, A2
		Retrofit performance monitoring, A42.4
		Retrofitting refrigerant systems, contaminant control, R7.9
		Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, F13.3; F24.13
		Reynolds number, F3.3
		Rice, drying, A26.9
		RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)
		Road tunnels, A16.3
		Roofs, U-factors, F27.2
		Room air distribution, A58; S20.1
		Room criterion (RC) curves, F8.16
		Root mean square (RMS), F37.1
		RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices (RTDs)
		RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)
		RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)
		RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)
		Rusting, of building components, F25.16
		R-values, F23; F25; F26. (See also Resistance, thermal)
		Safety
		Sanitation
		Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR), A38.12
		Savings-to-investment-ratio (SIR), A38.12
		Scale
		Schneider system, R23.7
		Schools
		Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
		Security. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		Seeds, storage, A26.11
		SEER. See Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER)
		Seismic restraint, A49.53; A56.1
		Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), F10.4, 12; F11.15
		Sensors
		Separators, lubricant, R11.23
		Service water heating, A51
		SES. See Subway environment simulation (SES) program
		Set points, A65.1
		Shading
		Ships, A13
		Shooting ranges, indoor, A10.8
		Short-tube restrictors, R11.31
		Silica gel, S24.1, 4, 6, 12
		Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.11
		SIR. See Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR)
		Skating rinks, R44.1
		Skylights, and solar heat gain, F15.21
		Slab heating, A52
		Slab-on-grade foundations, A45.11
		SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)
		Smart building systems, A63.1
		Smart grid, A63.9, 11
		Smoke control, A54
		Snow-melting systems, A52
		Snubbers, seismic, A56.8
		Sodium chloride brines, F31.1
		Soft drinks, R39.10
		Software, A65.7
		Soils. (See also Earth)
		Solar energy, A36; S37.1 (See also Solar heat gain; Solar radiation)
		Solar heat gain, F15.14; F18.16
		Solar-load ratio (SLR), A36.22
		Solar-optical glazing, F15.14
		Solar radiation, F14.8; F15.14
		Solid fuel
		Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A31.7
		Soot, F28.20
		Sorbents, F32.1
		Sorption isotherm, F25.10; F26.20
		Sound, F8. (See also Noise)
		Soybeans, drying, A26.7
		Specific heat
		Split-flux method, F19.26
		Spot cooling
		Spot heating, A54.4
		Stack effect
		Stadiums, A5.4
		Stairwells
		Standard atmosphere, U.S., F1.1
		Standards, A66. (See also Codes)
		Static air mixers, S4.8
		Static electricity and humidity, S22.2
		Steam
		Steam systems, S11
		Steam traps, S11.7
		Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F4.2, 12
		Stevens’ law, F12.3
		Stirling cycle, R47.14
		Stokers, S31.17
		Storage
		Stoves, heating, S34.5
		Stratification
		Stroboscopes, F37.28
		Subcoolers
		Subway environment simulation (SES) program, A16.3
		Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit systems)
		Suction risers, R2.24
		Sulfur content, fuel oils, F28.9
		Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R47.5
		Supermarkets. See Retail facilities, supermarkets
		Supertall buildings, A4.1
		Supervisory control, A43
		Supply air outlets, S20.2. (See also Air outlets)
		Surface effect. See Coanda effect
		Surface transportation
		Surface water heat pump (SWHP), A35.3
		Sustainability, F16.1; F35.1; S48.2
		SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)
		SVOCs. See Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)
		SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)
		Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)
		Swine, recommended environment, A25.7
		Symbols, F38
		Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F10.6
		TABS. See Thermally activated building systems (TABS)
		Tachometers, F37.28
		Tall buildings, A4
		Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R13.2
		TDD. See Tubular daylighting devices
		Telecomunication facilities, air-conditioning systems, A20.1
		Temperature
		Temperature-controlled transport, R25.1
		Temperature index, S22.3
		Terminal units. [See also Air terminal units (ATUs)], A48.13, F19.16; S20.7
		Terminology, of refrigeration, R50
		Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radio- logical, and explosive (CBRE) incidents
		TES. See Thermal energy storage (TES)
		Testing
		Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing)
		TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA)
		TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI)
		Textile processing plants, A22
		TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)
		Theaters, A5.3
		Thermal bridges, F25.8
		Thermal comfort. See Comfort
		Thermal displacement ventilation (TDV), F19.17
		Thermal emittance, F25.2
		Thermal energy storage (TES), S8.6; S50
		Thermally activated building systems (TABS), A43.3, 33
		Thermal-network method, F19.11
		Thermal properties, F26.1
		Thermal resistivity, F25.1
		Thermal storage. See Thermal energy storage (TES) S50
		Thermal transmission data, F26
		Thermal zones, F19.14
		Thermistors, R11.4
		Thermodynamics, F2.1
		Thermometers, F37.5
		Thermopile, F7.4; F37.9; R45.4
		Thermosiphons
		Thermostats
		Three-dimensional (3D) printers, F11.18
		Three-pipe distribution, S5.6
		Tobacco smoke
		Tollbooths
		Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F18.57
		Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), F29.5
		Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
		Transducers, F7.10, 13
		Transfer function method (TFM); F18.57; F19.3
		Transmittance, thermal, F25.2
		Transmitters, F7.9, 10
		Transpiration, R19.19
		Transportation centers
		Transport properties of refrigerants, F30
		Traps
		Trucks, refrigerated, R25. (See also Cargo containers)
		Tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), F15.30
		Tuning automatic control systems, F7.19
		Tunnels, vehicular, A16.1
		Turbines, S7
		Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.34
		Turbulence modeling, F13.3
		Turbulent flow, fluids, F3.3
		Turndown ratio, design capacity, S13.4
		Two-node model, for thermal comfort, F9.19
		Two-pipe systems, S5.5; S13.20
		U.S. Marshal spaces, A10.6
		U-factor
		Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S29.6; S30.3
		Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems, S17
		Ultraviolet air and surface treatment, A62
		Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A60.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
		Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), A62.1; S17.1. [See also Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems]
		Uncertainty analysis
		Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems, A4.6; A58.14; F19.17
		Unitary systems, S48
		Unit heaters. See Heaters
		Units and conversions, F39
		Unit ventilators, S28.1
		Utility interface, electric, S7.43
		Utility rates, A63.11
		UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lamp systems
		UVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI)
		Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables, R28.9
		Validation, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
		Valves. (See also Regulators)
		Vaporization systems, S8.6
		Vapor pressure, F27.8; F33.2
		Vapor retarders, jackets, F23.12
		Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
		Variable-frequency drives, S45.14
		Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S18.1; S48.1, 14
		Variable-speed drives. See Variable-frequency drives S50
		VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems
		Vegetables, R37
		Vehicles
		Vena contracta, F3.4
		Vending machines, R16.5
		Ventilation, F16
		Ventilators
		Venting
		Verification, of airflow modeling, F13.9, 10, 17
		Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R2.11
		Vibration, F8.17
		Viral pathogens, F10.9
		Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A30.3
		Viscosity, F3.1
		Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), F10.11
		Voltage, A56.1
		Volume ratio, compressors
		VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
		VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)
		Walls
		Warehouses, A3.8
		Water
		Water heaters
		Water/lithium bromide absorption
		Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S2.4; S48.11
		Water systems, S13
		Water treatment, A50
		Water use and management (See Energy and water use and management)
		Water vapor control, A45.6
		Water vapor permeance/permeability, F26.12, 17, 18
		Water vapor retarders, F26.6
		Water wells, A35.30
		Weather data, F14
		Weatherization, F16.18
		Welding sheet metal, S19.12
		Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat stress, A32.5
		Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S26.9
		Whirlpools and spas
		Wien’s displacement law, F4.12
		Wind. (See also Climatic design information; Weather data)
		Wind chill index, F9.23
		Windows. (See also Fenestration)
		Wind restraint design, A56.15
		Wineries
		Wireless sensors, A63.7
		Wood construction, and moisture, F25.10
		Wood products facilities, A27.1
		Wood pulp, A27.2
		Wood stoves, S34.5
		WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)
		Xenon, R47.18
		Zeolites, R18.10; R41.9; R47.13; S24.5. (See also Molecular sieves)