19th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics: Proceedings of NBC 2023, June 12–14, 2023, Liepaja, Latvia

Foreword
Preface
Organization
Contents
The Impact of Engineering Enabling Technologies on the Further Development of Personalized Orthopedics
	1 Introduction
	2 Bibliometric Analysis
		2.1 The Importance of Engineering Technologies for the Development of Orthopedics
		2.2 The Most Influential Enabling Engineering Technologies in the Field of Orthopedics
	3 Enabling Engineering Technologies in Orthopedics
		3.1 Additive Manufacturing
		3.2 Biomaterials
		3.3 Computer Aided Design
		3.4 Finite Element Method
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Development of Objective and Quantitative Eye-Tracking-Based Method for the Diagnostics of Oculomotor Dysfunctions
	1 Introduction
	2 Developed Method
	3 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
A Novel Algorithm for the Compensation of Hemoglobin Interference on Bilirubin Measurement Applied to a Two-Wavelengths Reflectance Photometer
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 The Measuring Setup
		2.2 Test Samples
		2.3 Hemoglobin Interference Compensation Algorithm
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Method for Muscle Fatigue Detection Using Inertial Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Exercise
		2.2 Systems Used
	3 Results
		3.1 IMU System
		3.2 sEMG
		3.3 sEMG and IMU
	4  Discussion
	References
Accurate Registration of 3D Models with Organs in Augmented Reality Through Inertial Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Hybrid Tracking Architecture
		2.2 Marker Detection
		2.3 Inertial Sensors
		2.4 Use Case: Orthopaedic Hip and Knee Surgery
		2.5 The Addition of an Optical Tracker
	3 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Dynamic Testing of Piezoresistive Fabrics for Use in Smart Wearable Personal Protective Equipment
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results and Analysis
		3.1 Introducing Fiberglass Mesh
		3.2 Double Layer of Piezoresistive Material
		3.3 Combining Different Types of Materials
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Studies of UV - A Inactivation of Escherichia Coli by 365 nm Light
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	References
A Prototype Device for Continuous Monitoring of Breathing Mode: Nasal Versus Mouth
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Device, Acquisition Protocol, and Signals
		2.2 Signal Processing Algorithm
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Investigation of Electrospun Keratin Mats Containing Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Compositions Preparation
		2.2 Herbal Extract and AgNPs Properties Investigation
		2.3 Keratin Compositions Properties Evaluation
		2.4 Nonwoven Material Preparation and Investigation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Finite Element Method Modelling of Iron – Oxide Nanoparticle Heat Generation Under Low Radio Frequency Field Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory
	3 Methods and Materials
	4 Results and Discussion
	References
Detection of Physical Stressors in Patients with Frailty Syndrome Using Wearable Devices
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Population
		2.2 Data Acquisition
		2.3 Templates of Physical Activity
		2.4 Derivative Dynamic Time Warping-Based Algorithm
		2.5 Performance Measures
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Expediency of Using a Physical and Mathematical Model in Cell Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Smart Textile in Post Stroke Patient Rehabilitation Exercises Evaluation for Lower Extremities
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Rehabilitation Exercises
		2.2 DAid Leggings Design
		2.3 Research Methodology
		2.4 Data Processing
		2.5 Threshold Definition
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Application of DAid Smart Shirt in Rehabilitation for Subacromial Pain Syndrome Patients Participating in High-Risk for Overuse Injury Sports
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Design
		2.2 Intervention
		2.3 DAid Smart Shirt Application in Physiotherapy Sessions
		2.4 Patient-Reported Outcome Measure
		2.5 Data Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Characteristics of Patients Involved in the Study
		3.2 DASH Patient-Reported Outcome
	4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Effects of Tactical Boots on Foot and Ankle Kinematics
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Population
		2.2 Gait Assessment
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
The Reverse Engineering of Human Organs Based on the Application of Method of Anatomical Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristic Product Features Methodology
	3 Method of Anatomical Features
	4 Method Application for Anterior Crucial Ligament Remodeling
	5 Conclusion
	References
Synergetic Integration of Electrospinning and Additive 3D/4D Printing Process for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Fabrication Processes
		2.1 Electrospinning
		2.2 Additive Printing Process
	3 Synergetic Integration
	4 Biomedical Applications of the Combinatorial Processes
	5 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
RGB Laser-Illuminated Spectral Imaging: Applications in Dermatology and Endoscopy
	1 Introduction
	2 Large-Area Skin Imaging Setup with RGB Laser Illumination
	3 Endoscopy Imaging Setup with RGB Laser Illumination
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Age on in Vivo Human Brain Tissue Electrical Conductivity
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Vision Screening and Training Tool for School-Aged Children
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
		3.1 Repeatability and Validity of Vision Screening Tests
		3.2 Validity of Vision Screening Algorithm
		3.3 Effectiveness of the Vision Training Tool
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hemodialysis Optical Monitoring Toward Greener Technology: A Potential for Water Saving Dialysis Treatment
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Patients
		2.2 Treatment Settings
		2.3 Sampling and Analyses
		2.4 Data Processing
	3 Results
		3.1 Assessment of Optical Data
		3.2 Comparisons of Treatment Settings: Toxins’ Removal Efficiency Versus Water Consumption
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Different Lighting Conditions on the Neural Processes Underlying Relative Depth Perception in 3D Visualization Using Volumetric Multiplanar Display
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Apparatus
		2.3 Condition and Procedure
		2.4 EEG/ERP
	3 Results
		3.1 Performance Data
		3.2 Event-Related Potential (ERP)
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Acute Mental Stress on the Forehead Photoplethysmographic Signal Waveform
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Experiment Setup
		2.2 Subjects and Experiment Protocol
		2.3 Signal Processing and Data Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Comparative Oscillometry on Finger Using Pneumatics and Multi-wavelength Photoplethysmography
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Equipment
		2.2 Experiment
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Results
		3.1 Cuff Pressure at Maximum Oscillation Amplitude (CP-MO)
		3.2 The Width of the Oscillometric Envelope (WOE)
		3.3 Amplitude Characteristics
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Accuracy and Precision of the HRV Measurement by ECG, PPG and Mobile App
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology of the Heart Rate Variability Measurement
	3 Results
	References
Approach for Calculating Hemodialysis Machines for a Specific Target Population
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Determinants
		2.2 Model
	3 Results
		3.1 Model Variables
		3.2 Target Population
		3.3 Socioeconomic Profile
		3.4 Infrastructure
		3.5 Number of Hemodialysis Machines
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Patient and Occupational Dosimetry Aspects of Holmium-166 Radioembolization: Three Case Studies from Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 General Information
		2.2 Microspheres Properties
		2.3 Planning Procedures (Dosimetry and Treatments Process)
		2.4 Activity Measurements
		2.5 Imaging Process
		2.6 Dose Rate and Contamination Monitoring
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Treatment Planning and Treatment Procedure
		3.2 Radiation Safety
		3.3 Dose Rate During Different Measurement Steps and Contamination Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Electroencephalography as an Objective Indicator of Stress
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Subjects and Recording Protocol
		2.2 Data Acquisition
		2.3 EEG Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Semi-automatic Approach to Estimate the Degree of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) from Ultrasound Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Data Acquisition and Dataset Definition
		2.2 Framework Proposed for Semi-automatic Evaluation of Hamaguchi’s Score
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Ocular Following Response Measurement: Comparing Infrared Eye-Tracking and High-Resolution Video-Oculography
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Population
		2.2 Behavioral Paradigm
		2.3 High-Resolution Videooculography (HR-VOG)
		2.4 Infrared (IR) Eye-Tracking
		2.5 Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Assessment of Children Eye Movement Performance: An Eye-Tracker Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Method to Detect Trigger Pulling Errors in Shooting Sports: Smart Textile Application
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Approach
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Measurement System Design
		2.2 Experimental Group
		2.3 Data Processing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Parameters of the Correct Shot
		3.2 Classification Rules
		3.3 Validation of the Classification Rules
		3.4 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Influence of UV Radiation on Immobilization of Yeast Cells on the Surfaces of Mg- and Ti- Originated Alloys and Their CaP Coatings
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Mg- and Ti-Originated Alloys Samples with and Without CaP Coatings
		2.2 Yeast Cells
	3 Methods
		3.1 Surface Roughness Measurements
		3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
		3.3 Photoemission Spectroscopy
		3.4 UV Irradiation
		3.5 Yeast Cell Preparation and Immobilization
		3.6 Fluorescent Microscopy
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Surface Roughness Measurements
		4.2 FTIR Measurements Before and After UV Irradiation
		4.3 Electrical Potential Measurements on the Surface Before and After UV Irradiation
		4.4 Immobilized Yeast Cell Coverage Area
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Comparison of Thin Film Surfaces to Detect Oral Salivary Biomarkers by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Preparation of Thin Films
		2.2 Preparation of Sample Solutions
		2.3 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
		2.4 Spectral and Multivariate Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Multivariate Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Differentiation of Rabbit Stem Cells on Gelatin for Tissue Engineering Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Cell Isolation and Cultivation
		2.2 Gelatin Coating of Tissue Culture Surfaces
		2.3 Differentiation of Rabbit Stem Cells on Gelatin
		2.4 Cell Proliferation Measurement
		2.5 Quantification of Gene Expression
		2.6 Immunocytochemistry
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Cell Proliferation Measurement
		3.2 Gene Expression Evaluation
		3.3 Immunocytochemistry
	4 Conclusions
	References
Study of the Effect of Surfactant Decamethoxin on the Interaction of Cu (II) and Zn (II) with Lysozyme in Solution Using MALDI-ToF Mass Spectrometry
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Weak Electron Emission of Nanodiamond Irradiated with High Energy Electrons
	1 Introduction
	2 Experiments
	3 Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Electrical Radiation Emission and PE
		4.2 Electron Radiation Emission and PTSE
	5 Conclusion
	References
Processing of Rare Skin Disease Multispectral Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Patient Examination
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Image Processing
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Dynamic Laser Speckle Imaging for Fast Evaluation of the Antibacterial Susceptibility by the Disc Diffusion Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Experimental Setup
		2.2 Microbial Strains and Cultivation Conditions
		2.3 Laser Speckle Image Conversion to Time Signals
	3 Results
		3.1 The Sterile Zone Analysis
		3.2 Mathematical Model of the Sterile Zone Size Changing
	4 Conclusions
	References
Test for the Assessment of Crossed and Uncrossed Stereovision Acuity
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Macular Thickness in Latvian Children with Refractive and Anisometropic Amblyopia
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Amblyopia
		1.2 Optical Coherence Tomography
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Ethical Consideration
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Method
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Coherent Analysis of the EEG to Study the Correlation of Neural Connections of the Cerebral Cortex with the Cognitive Functions of 6–8 Y.O. Children Having Difficulties in Learning and Behavioral Problems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Goal
	2 Research Methods
	3 Research Results
	References
Interpretable Model to Support Differential Diagnosis Between Ischemic Heart Disease, Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Healthy Subjects
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Study Population and Protocol
		2.2 Heart Rate Variability Acquisition and Processing
		2.3 Outliers, Features Selection and Classification
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Assessment of Peripheral Perfusion Using Remote Photoplethysmography and Automated Capillary Refill Time Techniques in Severe COVID-19 Patients
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Measurement Protocol
		2.2 Optical Measurements
		2.3 Statistics
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Metallized Coils on Human Leg Blood Circulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Harvesting of the Magnetic Field
		2.2 Blood Circulation Identification
		2.3  Processing of Acquired Data
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hand Tracking for XR-Based Apraxia Assessment: A Preliminary Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Hardware Platform
		3.2 Software Development
		3.3 Experimental Setup
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions and Limitations of the Work
	References
Training Ophthalmoscopic Skills in Extended Reality: Assessment of User Experience
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	References
Retrieving the Refractive Index of a Biological Material via Symbolic Regression
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation of the Problem and Methodology
		2.1 Statement of the Problem
		2.2 Symbolic Regression
	3 Results
		3.1 Target Data
		3.2 Direct Approach
		3.3 Indirect Approach
	4 Conclusions
	References
Author Index