13th International Conference on Compressors and Their Systems: Conference Proceedings (Springer Proceedings in Energy)

Contents
Screw Compressors
Comparison of PV-Diagrams Between CFD and Experimental Results for Twin-Screw Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 CFD Simulation
	3 Experimental Validation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Simulation and Experimental Results at 30Hz
		4.2 Examination of Pressure Near the Economizer Port
		4.3 Simulation and Experimental Results at 60Hz and 95Hz
	5 Conclusion
	References
Model Validation of Twin Screw Compressor with Optimized Injection Port for Unit Efficiency
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 Vapor Compression Cycle with Economizer Port
	2 Economizer Port Optimization
	3 Modified Screw Compressor Testing
		3.1 Experimental Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Compressor Results
		4.2 Unit Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Simplified Engineering Calculation Methods of the Temperature Distribution Along the Screw Compressor Rotors
	1 Introduction
	2 Calculation of Temperature Fields of Rotors and Their Thermal Deformations
		2.1 Impact of the Compressor Design Parameters, As Well As the Operating Mode on the Thermal State of the Rotors
		2.2 Calculation Results
	3 Conclusions
	References
CFD Analysis of Leakage Flow in Radial Tip Gap of Roots Blower
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Fluid Dynamics
		2.1 Conservation Laws of Fluids
	3 Computational Analysis of Roots Blower
		3.1 Computational Domain of Simplified Roots Blower
		3.2 Simulation Set-Up
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Validation
		4.2 Tip Design Concept Study
		4.3 Rotor Tip Design Study
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Thermodynamic Properties of Oil Droplets Impacting on Chamber Wall in Oil-Injected Screw Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 Computational Model
		2.1 Model Parameters and Boundary Settings
		2.2 Governing Equations
		2.3 Grid Independence Verification
	3 Oil Film Heat Transfer with Droplet Impacting on the Wall
		3.1 The Influence of Oil Film Thickness
		3.2 The Influence of Oil Drop Temperature
		3.3 The Influence of Oil Droplet Velocity
		3.4 The Influence of Oil Droplet Diameter
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation of the Distribution of Two-Phase Flow in Oil-Injected Twin-Screw Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Operation Point and Compressor
		2.2 Reference Measurements
	3 Modeling Hydraulic Losses
		3.1 Acceleration Power Loss
		3.2 Fluid Friction Power Loss
		3.3 Momentum Power Loss
		3.4 Squeezed Oil
	4 Conclusion
	References
Mesh Generation for Twin-Screw Compressors by Spline-Based Parameterization Using Preconditioned Anderson Acceleration
	1 Introduction
	2 Workflow of Our Analysis-Suitable Parameterization Method for Rotary Twin-Screw Compressors
	3 Elliptic Grid Generation Using Preconditioned Anderson Acceleration
		3.1 Elliptic Grid Generation (EGG) and Its  Discretization
		3.2 Discretization in Sobolev Space
		3.3 Anderson Acceleration with Dynamic Preconditioning Strategy
	4 Analysis-Suitable Parameterizations for Planar Slices
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Orthogonal Mesh Generation  of Screw Compressors for Capturing Tip Leakage Flows
	1 Introduction
		1.1 GridPro\'s Topology Paradigm
		1.2 Dynamic Boundary Conforming (DBC) Technology
	2 Conformal Interface Approach
	3 Existing Approach—Transverse Plane Grid Generation
		3.1 Rounding the Housing Cusp
	4 3D Smoothing of the Transverse Grid
		4.1 3D Smoothing Results
	5 Rotor Helix Normal Grid Generation Method
		5.1 Methodology
		5.2 Suitability of the Mesh for Different Solvers
	References
Two Way Coupling of CFD Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation with Solid Thermal Expansion in a Twin Screw Compressor
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Compressor Conjugate Heat Transfer and Thermal Expansion
		1.2 Proposed Simulation Approach with Required Capabilities/Tools
		1.3 Governing Equations and Physics Models
	2 Twin Screw Compressor Test Case
		2.1 Fluid Model
		2.2 Solid Heat Transfer Model
		2.3 Solid Thermal Expansion Model
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Investigating Alternative Rotor Materials to Increase Displacement and Efficiency of Screw Compressor While Considering Cost and Manufacturability
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Exploring Lightweight Materials and Innovative Manufacturing Techniques for Screw Compressor Rotors
		1.2 Metal Additive Manufacturing and Alternative Materials for Different Screw Compressor Applications
	2 Numerical Simulation
		2.1 Modelling Methodologies
		2.2 Rotor Grid Generation left parenthesis upper S upper C upper O upper R upper G Superscript upper T upper M Baseline right parenthesis(SCORGTM)
		2.3 Structural Analysis Boundary Conditions
		2.4 SCORPATH Modelling
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	5 Further Study
	References
Investigation and Optimization of a Twin-Screw Compressor with Internal Cooling Channels
	1 Introduction
	2 Twin Screw Compressor Model
		2.1 Geometry Model
		2.2 Heat Transfer Model
	3 Simulation Setup
		3.1 Geometry Setup and Operating Conditions
		3.2 Simulation Methods and Meshing
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Model Verification
		4.2 Rotor Discharge Temperature Slices
		4.3 Rotor Surface Temperature Plots
		4.4 Performance Parameters
		4.5 Solid and Hollow Rotor Comparison
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design of Hobbing Cutter for Variable-Pitch Screw Rotor
	1 Introduction
	2 Constant-Pitch Hobbing Algorithm
		2.1 Coordinate Systems and Coordinate Transformation
		2.2 Meshing Equation
		2.3 Three-Degree-of-Freedom Hobbing Method
	3 Variable-Pitch Hobbing Algorithm
	4 Example of Variable-Pitch Hob Design
	5 Conclusions
	References
Influence of Bearing and Seal Design on Performance of an Oil-Injected Screw Compressor for Refrigeration Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Test Cases
	3 Bearings and Seals Selection and Design
		3.1 Bearing Design Constraints
		3.2 Bearings and Seals Loss Modelling
		3.3 Bearing Selection Methodology
	4 Performance Analysis of Bearing-Seal Configurations
		4.1 Cylindrical Roller Bearing
		4.2 Hydrodynamic Bearing
		4.3 Dual Oil Seal
		4.4 Bearing Configuration Comparison
	5 Conclusions
	References
Theoretical Analysis of Hydrodynamic Water-Lubricated Plain Bearings for High-Speed Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Layout and Operational Bearing Forces
	3 Materials for Water-Lubricated Journal Bearings
	4 Flow Characteristics and Gap Tolerance
	5 Minimum Lubricant Film Thickness
		5.1 Hydrodynamic Lubrication
		5.2 Allowable Minimum Lubricant Film Thickness hlim
		5.3 Ratio of Length and Diameter and Relative Eccentricity
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Screw Compressor with a Shunt Enhanced Decompression and Pulsation Trap (SEDAPT)
	1 Introduction
	2 Process Analysis of Two Parallel Compression Schemes
		2.1 Arrangement of Screw Compression in Parallel: UC Only Scheme—SECAPT
		2.2 Arrangement of Screw Compression in Parallel: OC Only Scheme—SEDAPT [2, 3]
		2.3 A One-Stage SEDAPT Example and Design Rules
	3 Design Optimization of SEDAPT Scheme by Computational Model Analysis
		3.1 Computational Model Simulation—Code Description
		3.2 Computational Model Simulation Example—Optimization Procedure
		3.3 Comparison of the Pros and Cons of Several Compression Schemes with SEDAPT
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work
		4.1 Conclusions
		4.2 Recommendations for Future Work
	References
Scroll Compressors
Preliminary Design and Performance Evaluation of Micro Scroll Compressor Used in Refrigeration Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminary Design of Micro Scroll Compressor
		2.1 Basic Parameters
		2.2 Structure Design
	3 Performance Analysis Model
		3.1 Physical Model
		3.2 Meshing
		3.3 Calculation Method and Boundary Conditions
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Analysis of Internal Flow of Compressor
		4.2 Performance Analysis Under Variable Working Conditions
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Study to Improve Efficiency of a Variable Speed Scroll Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Optimization
		2.1 Economizer
		2.2 Speed Optimization
		2.3 Discharge Port Delay
		2.4 Involute Start Angle
	3 Conclusion
	References
Performance Anlaysis of Water-Cooled VRF System in Cooling Mode by Changing Scroll Compressor Geometry
	1 First Section
	2 Measurement Device
	3 Mathematical Model
		3.1 Water-Cooled VRF System
		3.2 Scroll Compressor
		3.3 Other Components
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Validation of the Simulation
		4.2 Analysis of VRF System Performance by Changing Geometry of Scroll Compressor
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Testing of a Scroll Compressor with Two-Phase Refrigerant Flows
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Bench Description
	3 Results Post-processing
		3.1 Assumptions
		3.2 Inlet Vapor Quality Calculation
		3.3 Volumetric Efficiency
		3.4 Isentropic Efficiency
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Volumetric Efficiency
		4.2 Isentropic Efficiency
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Comparison into the Effect of Oversized Heat Exchangers on Seasonal Performance Improvements of a Two-Stage and a Variable Speed Compressor in an R410A Chiller
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Facility Description
	3 Standard Used for Testing
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Charge Optimization with Oversized Condenser
		4.2 Seasonal Performance of a Variable Speed Compressor with Different Condensers
		4.3 Seasonal Performance of a Two-Stage Compressor with Different Condensers
		4.4 Effect of Charge Optimization and Condenser Sizing on the Two-Stage Compressor Seasonal Performance
		4.5 Comparison of IPLV.SI for Different Compressor Modulation Strategies and Condenser Sizes
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Investigation and Advanced Exergy Analysis of Different Factors That Can Affect Seasonal Performance in an R410A Chiller
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Facility Description
	3 Standard Used for Testing
	4 Advanced Exergy Analysis (AEA)
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Effect of Improved Compressor Motor (Higher Isentropic Efficiency)
		5.2 Effect of Upgrading the Condenser (Oversized Condenser)
		5.3 Comparison of Two Compressor Modulation Strategies
	6 Conclusions
	References
CFD Simulation Motion Analysis of an Orbiting Scroll Bearing Hub
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Setup
		2.1 Geometry Preparation
		2.2 CFD Setup
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
CFD Simulation of an Orbiting Scroll Bearing Hub
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Setup
		2.1 Geometry Preparation
		2.2 CFD Setup
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid Wrap-Based Shape Optimization of a Scroll Compressor with Deep Reinforcement Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Geometry of the Scroll Compressor
		2.2 Analytic Model for Compression Process
		2.3 Optimization with DRL
	3 Results
		3.1 Analytic Model Result
		3.2 Shape Optimization Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Integrated Optimization of High-Speed Motor Drive and Compressor System: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of the Integrated Optimization Framework
		2.1 Semi-Empirical Compressor Model
		2.2 Motor Model
		2.3 Objective Function
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressor Model
		3.2 Motor Model
	4 Case Study
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Research of Pressure-Volume Diagrams in a Scroll Compressor at High Speed
	1 Introduction
	2 Theory of Experiment
		2.1 Thermodynamic Model of Compression Chambers
		2.2 Efficiency of Compression Chambers
	3 Test Method and Equipment
		3.1 Testing Compressor
		3.2 Pressure Measurement
		3.3 Volume Measurement
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Experiment Condition
		4.2 Data Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical and Experimental Study of 120 °C Heat Pump Using a Scroll Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 System Simulation
	3 Pilot Study
	4 Performance Parameters
	5 Hot Air Generation
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Emission Study
	7 Conclusion
	References
Application of 1D Numerical Transient Compressor Model to Optimize Performance of Vapor Injection Heat Pump System
	1 Introduction
	2 Compressor Model
		2.1 Geometry Generation
		2.2 1D Dynamic Flow Model
		2.3 Vapor Injection Port Geometry Optimization
	3 Heat Pump System Model
		3.1 System Layout: Heat Pump with Vapor Injection
		3.2 1D Dynamic Flow Model
	4 Compressor and Heat Pump System Optimization Loop
		4.1 System Preliminary Performance Optimization
		4.2 Compressor Design Optimization
		4.3 System-Level Compressor Model
		4.4 Heat Pump System Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Reciprocating Compressors
Feasibility Study on Two Novel Lubricants for a Carbon Dioxide Reciprocating Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 System Descriptions
		2.2 Instrumentation
	3 Data Collection and Processing
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Consistency of Operating Conditions
		4.2 System Performance Comparisons
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Analysis of a Vapor-Injected Reciprocating Compressor for a Multi-evaporator Domestic Refrigerator/Freezer Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Vapor Injection in Reciprocating Compressor
	3 Modeling Approach
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Baseline Compressor
		4.2 Vapor Injection Compressor Simulation Results
		4.3 Parametric Study of Injection Opening Time
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	Appendix
	References
Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic Two-Phase Flow Behavior in the Ionic Compressor with a Novel H-shaped Piston
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Physical Model
		2.2 Numerical Model and Solution Method
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Reduced Order Model for Performance Prediction of Reciprocating Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Training Data
		2.1 3D FSI Data
		2.2 Input and Output Parameter
		2.3 Reliability Verification of Training Data
	3 Data Extending
		3.1 ANN Method
		3.2 Data Extending Method Using ANN Method
	4 Reduced Order Model
		4.1 Concept of Reduced Order Model
		4.2 Development of Reduced Order Model
		4.3 Response Surface Type
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Results of ANN
		5.2 Reliability Verification of Extended Data
		5.3 Accuracy of Reduced Order Model
	6 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Cylinder Head Torque on Gas Leakage in Hermetic Compressors
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective
		1.2 Literature Review
		1.3 Hypothesis
		1.4 Paper Organization
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Numerical Studies
		2.2 Experimental Studies
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Parametric Analysis in Crankshaft Design for the Reciprocating Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Force and Bearing Model
		2.2 Experimental Setup
		2.3 Genetic Algorithm for Design Optimization
	3 Results
		3.1 Mechanical Loss Validations and Forces
		3.2 Genetic Algorithm Optimized Design and Sensitivity Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Influence of 3D Printed Elastic Structures on the Pressure Pulsations in the Reciprocating Compressor Manifold
	1 Introduction
	2 3D Printed Elastic Structures
		2.1 3D Printing Process Details
		2.2 Determination of the Spring Stiffness Coefficient
	3 Tests on a Compressor Station
		3.1 Test Results
		3.2 Determining the Fundamental Natural Frequency of a 3D Printed Spring
	4 Conclusions
	References
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Discharge Valve Limiter Geometric Features Change on Compressor Thermal Efficiency
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Procedure
	3 Numerical Model
	4 Experimental Result
	5 Numerical Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
New Concept for Electrically Driven Air Compressors for Commercial Vehicles—General Layout and Indicator Measurements
	1 Introduction
	2 Compressor Layout
	3 Experimental Methodology for Indicator Measurements
		3.1 Instrumentation
		3.2 Crank Angle Error Analysis
		3.3 Indicated Work and Loss Analysis
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Indicator Diagrams
		4.2 Suction and Discharge Pressure Losses
		4.3 Indicated Isentropic Efficiency
	5 Conclusions
	References
Novel Machines
Demonstration of Computationally Efficient Vapor Injection Optimization Method for Spool Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Mechanistic Chamber Model
		2.1 Model Validation
	3 Model Updates to Include Vapor Injection in Mechanistic Chamber Model
	4 Optimization Model
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Theory and Test of Expansion Power Recovery of Rotary Cylinder Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Test Method and Principle
		2.1 Test Principle
		2.2 Test Conditions
		2.3 Theoretical Calculation of Expansion Angle
	3 PV Test Analysis of Expansion Process
	4 Compressor Optimization Design and Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Investigation of Internally Geared Screw Compressor Performance Using a Chamber Modelling Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermodynamic of the Compression-Expansion Process
	3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Internally Geared Screw Machine
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Numerical Grid and CFD Model for Analysis of Oil-Injected IGSM
	1 Introduction
	2 Grid Generation for Internally Geared Screw Rotors
		2.1 Rotor Grid Generation Procedure
		2.2 Profile Adaptability
		2.3 Lead Variation
	3 CFD Model of Oil Injected IGSC
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Pressure Distribution
		4.2 Rotor Torque Variation
		4.3 Compressor Performance Analysis
		4.4 Port Flow Dynamics
	5 Conclusions
	References
Experimental Study of Conical Rotary Compressor for High Pressure Ratio Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Rotor Design
		2.1 Rotor Geometry
		2.2 Vi Calculation
		2.3 Sealing Line Length
	3 Experimental Results
		3.1 Test Rig
		3.2 Performance Comparison of CRC with Different Vi
		3.3 Efficiency Comparison at Same Pressure Ratio
		3.4 Efficiency Contour
	4 Conclusions
	References
Other Compressor Types
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Research of Multi-stage Roots Vacuum Pump
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometric Structure
	3 Mesh Generation and Simulation Setup
	4 Case Studies
	5 Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Analysis of Real Fluid Behavior Effects on a Sliding-Vane Compressor Comprehensive Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Comprehensive Model
		2.1 Input Modules
		2.2 Main Model
		2.3 Fluid Models
	3 Case Studies
		3.1 Machine Geometry
		3.2 Numerical Campaign
		3.3 Experimental Validation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Numerical Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Performance Improvements of Scroll and Sliding Vane Expanders Via a Double Intake Port Technology for ORC-Based Power Units
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Measured Reed Valve Dynamics of Diaphragm Pumps with Laser Doppler Vibrometer
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Laser Doppler Vibrometer Approach
		2.2 Measurement Concept and Experimental Setup
		2.3 Operating Conditions and Procedure
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
CFD Studies on Ejectors Configured with Twisted Circular Profile Lobed Nozzle
	1 Introduction
	2 Geometric Modelling
	3 Numerical Studies
		3.1 Numerical Method
		3.2 Grid Independence Test
		3.3 Validation of CFD
		3.4 Velocity Magnitude Contour
		3.5 Velocity Vector Contour
		3.6 Velocity Plot and Static Pressure Plot
	4 Conclusions
	References
Development and Performance Evaluation of a Micro Air Blower
	1 Introduction
	2 Blower Design
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Numerical Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Experimental Results
		5.2 Numerical Simulation Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Active Magnetic Bearings, Variable-Speed Centrifugal Air Compressors Suitable to Reduce Carbon Footprint, is it Really the Case?
	1 Introduction
	2 Life Cycle Inventory
		2.1 High Speed Direct Drive Maglev Air-Compressor
		2.2 Studied Compressors
		2.3 Material Use
		2.4 Use Stage
		2.5 GHG Emission Reduction Over 5-Year Cycle Operation
		2.6 Recycling and End of Life After 20-Year Operation
	3 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Noise and Vibration
In-Line Sphere Arrays as Pressure Pulsation and Pipeline Vibration Dampers in Reciprocating Compressor Manifold
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of the Nozzles
	3 Test Stand
	4 Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Acoustic and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Alternative Geometries of Plastic Suction Muffler
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design Parameters
		2.2 Numerical Analysis of the Muffler
	3 Results
		3.1 CFD Results
		3.2 Transmission Loss Analysis Results
		3.3 Calorimeter and Semi-anechoic Test Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Multi-physical Modeling of Noise and Vibration Due to Refrigerant Discharge in Hermetic Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-physical Modeling
		2.1 Thermomechanical Model
		2.2 Discharge Pulsations and Consequent Noise and Vibration
		2.3 Interior Gas Flow and Resulting Aerodynamic Noise and Vibration
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thermomechanical Simulation
		3.2 Noise and Vibration Due to Discharge Pulsation
		3.3 Aerodynamic Noise and Vibration
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Mitigation of Fluid-Induced Noise Generated by Discharge Flow in a Hermetic Rolling Piston Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Overview
		2.2 Simulation Model Description and Verification
	3 Results Analysis
		3.1 Valve Design Parameters
		3.2 Muffler Design Parameters
	4 Conclusion
	5 Future Works
	References
Prediction of Pressure Pulsation Damping Efficiency with the Use of Shaped Nozzles Based on Their Geometrical Parameters
	1 Introduction
	2 Sensitive Models
	3 Carried Out Research
	4 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Compression
Effects of Oil Compressibility on the Thermal Performances of Diaphragm Compressors Used in the Hydrogen Refuelling Station with a Mathematical Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 The Working Process Analysis of a Diaphragm Compressor
		2.2 Mathematical Model
	3 Experimental Validation
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Effects on the Diaphragm Deformation and Flow Rate
		4.2 Effects on the Power Consumption
		4.3 Effect on the Suction Pressure Range
	5 Conclusion
	References
Study of Effects of Hydraulic Parameters on the Motion of the Free Piston in Ionic Liquid Compressors in Hydrogen Refuelling Stations
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Structure and Physical Model of the Ionic Liquid Compressor
	3 Mathematical Modelling
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 The Effect of the Buffer Clearance on the Piston Dynamic Characteristics
		4.2 The Effect of the Oil Charging Flow Rate on the Piston Dynamic Characteristics
		4.3 The Effect of the Oil Overflow Pressure on the Piston Dynamic Characteristics
	5 Conclusions
	References
Analysis and Enhancement of Heat Transfer of the Gas Head Cover of Hydrogen Diaphragm Compressors
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of the Heat Transfer Related to the Gas Head Cover
		2.1 Heat Transfer from Compressed Gas to the Surface of the Gas Cavity
		2.2 Heat Transfer from the Outer Surface of the Gas Head Cover to the Environment
		2.3 Heat Transfer Between the Gas and the Suction and Discharge Holes
	3 Finite Element Analysis of the Temperature Field
		3.1 Geometric Model of the Gas Head Cover
		3.2 Mesh Generation
		3.3 Thermal Loads
	4 Experimental Validation
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Simulation Results and Comparison with Experimental Values
		5.2 Effect of Different Structures for Enhancing Heat Transfer
		5.3 Effect of Different Materials for Enhancing Heat Transfer
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Compressors: A Few Technical Challenges
	1 Introduction: Hydrogen, a Way to «Decarbonization»
	2 Hydrogen: A Compression Challenge
	3 Special Cylinder Arrangement with Dry Seals for No Gas Contamination
	4 Efficient Containment of Gas Leaks to the Compressor Frame and Atmosphere
	5 Design and Manufacturing Critical Due to High Pressure Hydrogen Effects
	6 Conclusions
	References
Working Fluid and System
Analysis of R454B as a Low-GWP Refrigerant Alternative for R410A in a Vapor-Injected Rotary Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Discharge Temperature
		3.2 Compressor Power
		3.3 Isentropic Efficiency
		3.4 Volumetric Efficiency
		3.5 Heating and Cooling Capacities
		3.6 cop
	4 Conclusion
	References
Compressor Performance for Varying Compositions of High-Glide Mixtures R1233zd(E)/R1234yf and R1336mzz(Z)/R1234yf
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Test Setup
	3 Test Matrix and Data Quality
		3.1 Test Matrix
		3.2 Data Quality
		3.3 Performance Measures
		3.4 Measurement Uncertainty
	4 Results
		4.1 Performance Measures
		4.2 Empirical Description
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Use of CFD and Geometry Optimization to Improve the Secondary Oil Separation of an Oil Flooded Rotary Vane Compressor
	1 Introduction
	2 Measurement Setup
		2.1 Operating Point Simulated
	3 Case Setup
		3.1 CFX Steady State Setup
		3.2 Rotating or Unsteady Simulation Setup
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Baseline Model
		4.2 Optimization
	5 Conclusions
	References
An Appraisal of the 1950 Festival Hall Heat Pump
	1 Introduction
	2 Purpose and Scope of the Proposal
	3 Design Details
	4 Equipment Details
	5 Installation Details
	6 Operating Details
	7 Performance Details
	8 Lessons to Learn for Modern Installations
	9 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Digital Twin of an Oil-Flooded Screw Compressor Using Measurement Data and Numerical Simulations
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Prototype
	3 One-Dimensional Mathematical Model of the Compressor Circuit
	4 Neural Network Modelling
		4.1 Neural Network Topology Selection
		4.2 Dryer Data Model
	5 Comparison of Individual Approaches
	6 Conclusion
	References
Sizing of Scroll and Rolling Piston Compressor for Low-Pressure Refrigerants in Residential Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Detailed Compressor Modeling
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Scroll Compressor Sizing
		3.2 Rolling Piston Compressor Sizing
		3.3 Optimization Case Study
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Simulation of Twin-Screw Expander and Its Effect on the Performance of ORC System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Numerical Simulation of the Twin-Screw Expander Working Process
		2.2 Numerical Simulation of ORC System
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Development of a Residential Scale, Economized, Compressor Load Stand to Measure Compressor Performance Using Low GWP, Flammable Refrigerants
	1 Introduction
	2 Load Stand
		2.1 Load Stand Design
		2.2 Instrumentation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Load Stand Validation
		3.2 Preliminary Test Results
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Compressor Lubricants
Study of Lubricant Compatibility with a Low-GWP Refrigerant as an Alternative to R410A in a Compressor Test Loop
	1 Introduction
	2 Technical Review of Refrigerant-Lubricant Oil Compatibility
	3 Test Loop for Refrigerant-Lubricant Oil Compatibility
		3.1 Test Loop Design and Installation
		3.2 Off-Design Analysis of the Test Loop for Developing Operation Manual
		3.3 Oil Sampling Methods
	4 Conclusion
	References
Solubility and Viscosity of Variably Miscible Mixtures of Refrigerant and Lubricant
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Data and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Compressor Designs, Lubricant Options and Refrigerant Selections: Putting the Puzzle Together
	1 Introduction
	2 Refrigerants
	3 Lubricants
	4 Refrigerant and Lubricant Interaction
	5 Bearings
	6 Compressor Testing
	7 Conclusion
		7.1 High Solubility
		7.2 Decreased Refrigerant Stability
		7.3 Miscibility
	References
Characteristics and Lubricity of Refrigeration Oil for R290
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Test Oil
		2.2 Solubility and Viscosity of Oil/R290 Mixtures
		2.3 Phase Separation Temperature
		2.4 Stability with R290
		2.5 Evaluation of Lubricity
	3 Results of Test and Discussion
		3.1 Mixture Properties of Oil and R290
		3.2 Lubricity and Lubricating Films
	4 Conclusion
	References