Biophysical and Chemical Properties of Collagen: Biomedical Applications in Tissue Engineering

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
	Author biographies
		John A M Ramshaw
		Veronica Glattauer
	Abbreviations
	Disclaimer
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Overview
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 The structure of collagen
		2.1 Composition
		2.2 X-ray diffraction studies
			2.2.1 Fibre diffraction
			2.2.2 Peptide diffraction
			2.2.3 Hydrogen bonding
			2.2.4 Hydration
			2.2.5 The role of hydroxyproline
		2.3 Different collagen types
		2.4 Other proteins with a triple-helix
			2.4.1 Animal proteins
			2.4.2 Bacterial collagens
		2.5 Protein sequences
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Biosynthesis and biodegradation of collagen
		3.1 Biosynthetic pathway
		3.2 Selected secondary modification enzymes in collagen biosynthesis
			3.2.1 Prolyl hydroxylase
			3.2.2 Lysyl hydroxylase
			3.2.3 Lysyl oxidase
		3.3 Degradation of collagen in tissues
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Collagen assemblies
		4.1 Ordered collagen structures
			4.1.1 Interstitial collagen fibrils
			4.1.2 Other ordered structures for interstitial collagens
			4.1.3 Ordered structures for other collagen types
		4.2 Fibrillogenesis
			4.2.1 Interstitial collagen fibril formation
			4.2.2 Regulation of collagen fibril formation
			4.2.3 Heterotypic collagen fibrils
			4.2.4 Interstitial collagen fibril growth
			4.2.5 Crimp in collagen fibrils
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Tissue arrangement
		5.1 Formation of new tissue
		5.2 Native crosslinking
			5.2.1 Enzyme-initiated crosslinking
			5.2.2 Non-enzymatic crosslinking
		5.3 Examples of tissue structure
			5.3.1 Tissue organisation in tendon and ligament
			5.3.2 Tissue organisation in cornea
			5.3.3 Tissue organisation in skin
			5.3.4 Tissue organisation in other tissues
		5.4 Mineralisation
		5.5 Mechanical properties
			5.5.1 Soft tissues
			5.5.2 The effect of mineralisation
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Collagen stability
		6.1 Molecular stability
			6.1.1 Individual soluble collagen molecule stability
			6.1.2 Tissue collagen stability
		6.2 Solvent effects on stability
		6.3 Peptide models to study stability
			6.3.1 Polypeptide models
			6.3.2 Defined peptide models
			6.3.3 Effects of solvents on peptide models
		6.4 Other uses for peptide models
			6.4.1 Synthetic peptide model designs
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Interactions
		7.1 Describing interactions with other molecules
			7.1.1 Collagen network plots
			7.1.2 Collagen interactome maps
		7.2 Interactions with other collagens
		7.3 Interactions with proteoglycans
			7.3.1 Heparin and heparan sulfate glycan chains
			7.3.2 Interactions with other proteoglycans
		7.4 Interaction with globular proteins
			7.4.1 Signalling molecules
			7.4.2 Protease sites
			7.4.3 Other interaction sites
		7.5 Interactions with the immune system
			7.5.1 Responses to collagen-based products
		7.6 Antibodies to collagens as biochemical reagents
			7.6.1 Polyclonal antibodies
			7.6.2 Monoclonal antibodies
			7.6.3 Defining epitopes
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Production of tissue-derived collagens
		8.1 Tissue and fibrous collagen
		8.2 Acellular matrix
		8.3 Soluble collagens
			8.3.1 Extraction of soluble collagen
			8.3.2 Extraction of acid soluble collagen
			8.3.3 Neutral salt soluble collagen
			8.3.4 Increasing soluble collagen yield
			8.3.5 Extraction of soluble collagen by tissue digestion
			8.3.6 Sources for specific collagen types
		8.4 Production of collagen in cell culture
		8.5 Fractionation of soluble collagens
		8.6 Further purification of soluble collagens
			8.6.1 Ion exchange chromatography
			8.6.2 Gel permeation chromatography
			8.6.3 Affinity chromatography
			8.6.4 Other approaches
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Production of recombinant collagens
		9.1 Recombinant animal collagen production
			9.1.1 Bacterial expression
			9.1.2 Animal cell expression
			9.1.3 Yeast expression
			9.1.4 Transgenic expression
			9.1.5 Purification and quality
		9.2 Recombinant bacterial collagen production
		9.3 Recombinant ‘bioengineered’ adaptations to collagen structures
			9.3.1 Adaptations to animal collagens
			9.3.2 Adaptations to bacterial collagens
		9.4 Recombinant chimeric fusion proteins
		9.5 De novo designed structures
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Evaluation of the quality of collagen preparations
		10.1 Collagen quantitation
		10.2 Solution properties
		10.3 Electrophoretic methods
		10.4 Optical methods
			10.4.1 UV and visible spectroscopy
			10.4.2 IR spectroscopy
			10.4.3 CD and ORD spectroscopy
			10.4.4 Microscopy
			10.4.5 Refractive index
		10.5 Biophysical methods
			10.5.1 Calorimetry
			10.5.2 Other methods
		References
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Fabrication of biomedical products
		11.1 Gels and hydrogels
		11.2 Foams and sponges
			11.2.1 Foams
			11.2.2 Sponges
			11.2.3 Measurement of pore size and porosity
		11.3 Reconstituted fibres
			11.3.1 Wet spinning
			11.3.2 Electrospinning
			11.3.3 Printing
		11.4 Films and membranes
		11.5 Beads and particles
			11.5.1 Using purified, soluble collagen
			11.5.2 Using collagen fibre dispersions
			11.5.3 Using collagen tissue
		11.6 Fibrous capsule materials
			11.6.1 Biosynthetic materials
		11.7 Other technologies
			11.7.1 Ionic liquids
			11.7.2 Alignment technologies
		11.8 Sterilisation
			11.8.1 Physical approaches including irradiation
			11.8.2 Chemical and other approaches
			11.8.3 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
		References
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Chemical modifications
		12.1 Chemical crosslinking methods
			12.1.1 Aldehyde-based crosslinks
			12.1.2 Other crosslink approaches
			12.1.3 Introducing zero-length crosslinks
		12.2 Physical crosslinking
			12.2.1 Direct, non-catalysed reactions
			12.2.2 Catalysed reactions
		12.3 Assessing the effectiveness of crosslinking
			12.3.1 Physical methods
			12.3.2 Chemical and biological methods
		12.4 Site-specific chemical modifications
			12.4.1 Additional reactions with amino groups
			12.4.2 Reactions with other functional groups
		References
CH013.pdf
	Chapter 13 Applications for intact tissue collagen
		13.1 Stabilised tissues
			13.1.1 Intestine
			13.1.2 Amnion
			13.1.3 Pericardium
			13.1.4 Heart valve
			13.1.5 Issues with calcification of tissue-based devices
			13.1.6 Other tissues
		13.2 Acellular matrix
		References
CH014.pdf
	Chapter 14 Applications for purified collagen
		14.1 Gels and hydrogels
			14.1.1 Tissue augmentation
			14.1.2 Dermal repair
			14.1.3 Ophthalmic uses
			14.1.4 Other uses of gels
			14.1.5 Hydrogels
		14.2 Foams and sponges
			14.2.1 Dermal wound repair
			14.2.2 Haemostats
			14.2.3 Orthopaedic applications
			14.2.4 Other applications
		14.3 Films and membranes
			14.3.1 Periodontal treatment
			14.3.2 Adhesion control
			14.3.3 Nerve repair
			14.3.4 Other examples
		14.4 Beads and particles
		14.5 Reconstituted fibres
		References
CH015.pdf
	Chapter 15 Applications of biosynthetic materials
		15.1 Vascular devices
			15.1.1 Background technologies
			15.1.2 Biosynthetic vascular device
			15.1.3 Explant analyses
		15.2 Hernia, ligament and other options
		References
CH016.pdf
	Chapter 16 Collagen applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
		16.1 Fabricated collagen as a supporting structure
			16.1.1 Musculoskeletal and associated tissues
			16.1.2 Cardiovascular tissues
			16.1.3 Other tissues
		16.2 ACM as a supporting structure
			16.2.1 Bladder and urologic tissues
			16.2.2 Other tissues
			16.2.3 Organ replacements
		References
CH017.pdf
	Chapter 17 Coating of biomedical materials with collagen
		17.1 Coating of synthetic polymers
			17.1.1 Plasma modification prior to collagen coating
			17.1.2 Chemical modification of surfaces
			17.1.3 Layer-by-layer coating
		17.2 Collagen on metals and inorganic materials
			17.2.1 Metallic surfaces
			17.2.2 Ceramic surfaces
		References
CH018.pdf
	Chapter 18 Composites of collagen with other materials
		18.1 Composites with other biopolymers
			18.1.1 Proteins
			18.1.2 Carbohydrates
		18.2 Composites with synthetic polymers
			18.2.1 Hydrogel and related composites
			18.2.2 Two phase systems
		18.3 Composites with inorganic materials
			18.3.1 Hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate phases
			18.3.2 Other inorganic materials
		18.4 Composites with bioactive entities
			18.4.1 Growth factors
			18.4.2 Delivery of drugs, including antibiotics
		References
CH019.pdf
	Chapter 19 Concluding remarks
		References