Arterial blood gas interpretation in clinical practice

Preface\nNormal Values and Conversion Factors\n	Electrolytes\nDisclaimer\nContents\nAbbreviations\nChapter 1: Practical Aspects of ABG\n	1.1 When Is Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA) Performed?\n	1.2 Patient Consent\n	1.3 How to Collect a Sample\n	1.4 Inadvertent Sampling\n	1.5 Allen Test\n	1.6 Complications of Arterial Puncture\nChapter 2: Oxygen Parameters\n	2.1 Normal Values of ABG\n	2.2 What Is Oxygen Saturation?\n		2.2.1 Saturation Can Be Measured in Many Ways\n		2.2.2 Advantages of Measuring Saturation\n	2.3 Problems with SpO2\n		2.3.1 Some Facts\n	2.4 What Is Oxygen Capacity and Content? (CaO2)\n		2.4.1 Oxygen Capacity\n		2.4.2 Oxygen Content (CaO2)\n		2.4.3 Misconceptions\n	2.5 What Is Oxygen Delivery?\n		2.5.1 The Difference in Oxygen Content of Arterial and Venous Blood\n	2.6 Hypoxia\n		2.6.1 Causes of Hypoxia\n	2.7 Who Is more Hypoxic?\n	2.8 What Is FiO2?\n	2.9 What Is PiO2?\n	2.10 What Is PAO2?\n	2.11 Point to Be Noted\n		2.12 A Special Situation\nChapter 3: Type 2 Respiratory Failure/Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia (Hypercarbia)\n	3.1 Hypercarbia/Hypercapnia\n	3.2 What Is Respiratory Failure?\n	3.3 Acidemia/Acidosis\n	3.4 Causes of Type 2 Respiratory Failure or Hypoventilation (CO2 Retention)\n	3.5 Clinical Features of CO2 Retention\n	3.6 Management of Acute Respiratory Acidosis\n	3.7 Management of Chronic Respiratory Acidosis\n	3.8 How much Oxygen Is Needed for Patients with COAD?\n	3.9 What Is NIPPV or NIV?\n	3.10 What Are the Indications for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation?\n		3.10.1 What Is Dead space?\nChapter 4: Respiratory Alkalosis\n	4.1 Alkalosis\n		4.1.1 Respiratory Alkalosis\n	4.2 Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis\n	4.3 Clinical Features of Respiratory Alkalosis\n		4.3.1 Cardiovascular Features\n		4.3.2 Neurological Features\n	4.4 Management of Respiratory Alkalosis\nChapter 5: Pearls of Wisdom and Examples\n	5.1 Pearls of Wisdom\n		5.1.1 Let Us See Some Example Questions\nChapter 6: Metabolic Disorders: 1\n	6.1 Metabolic Disorders\n		6.1.1 Metabolic Acidosis\n		6.1.2 Compensation of Metabolic Acidosis\n		6.1.3 Anion Gap (AG)\n	6.2 Raised Anion Gap Acidosis\n		6.2.1 MUDPILES\n		6.2.2 GOLDMARK\n	6.3 Lactic Acidosis\n	6.4 Management of Lactic Acidosis\n	6.5 What Is the Osmolar (Osmolal) Gap?\n	6.6 Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA)\n		6.6.1 FUSEDCARS\n		6.6.2 ACCRUED\n	6.7 Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis, RTA\n	6.8 Type 2 RTA\n	6.9 Type 3 RTA\n	6.10 Type 4 RTA\n	6.11 What Is the Urinary Anion Gap (UAG)?\n	6.12 What Is the Delta Gap or Delta Factor?\n	6.13 Let Us Look at Two Examples\n	References\nChapter 7: Metabolic Disorders: 2\n	7.1 Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis\n	7.2 An Approach to Acidosis\n	7.3 How an Anion Gap Can Mislead the Interpreter?\n		7.3.1 Principles of Treating Metabolic Acidosis\n		7.3.2 Use of Alkali Such as, Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)\n		7.3.3 NaHCO3 Has Other Problems\n		7.3.4 Sodium Bicarbonates in Chronic Conditions\n	7.4 Alternative Agents to Sodium Bicarbonate\n		7.4.1 Let Us See Some Examples\n	7.5 Some Examples of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis in Paediatric Practice\n	7.6 Unexplained Acidosis\n	References\nChapter 8: Metabolic Disorders 3: Metabolic Alkaloses\n	8.1 Metabolic Alkalosis\n		8.1.1 Repeated and Severe Vomiting\n		8.1.2 Loss of Chloride Ions\n		8.1.3 Hypokalaemia\n		8.1.4 Steroid Excess\n	8.2 Gain of HCO3–\n	8.3 Compensation of Metabolic Alkalosis\n	8.4 Investigations of Metabolic Alkalosis\n	8.5 Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis\n	8.6 Let Us See Some Examples\n	Reference\nChapter 9: Mixed Acid-Base Disorders\n	9.1 Mixed Acid-Base Disorders\n	9.2 How to Diagnose Mixed Acid: Base Disorders?\n	9.3 Revision of Simple Rules of Compensation\n	9.4 Ready to Roll with Examples\nChapter 10: Important Topics\n	10.1 ABG Versus VBG\n	10.2 Drugs and Acid-Base Disorders\n	10.3 Pearls of Wisdom in Lactic Acidosis\n	10.4 Pearls of Wisdom in Acidosis and Alkalosis\n	10.5 Pearls of Wisdom in Gastroenterology\n	10.6 Relationship Between H+ and pH\n	10.7 Summary of Seven Steps in Interpretation