Zoology

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 Zoology:An Evolutionary andEcological Perspective
	Chapter Outline
	ZOOLOGY: AN EVOLUTIONARYPERSPECTIVE
	ZOOLOGY: AN ECOLOGICALPERSPECTIVE
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	SUMMARY
	CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS
	ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONQUESTIONS
CHAPTER 2 CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGAN SYSTEMS OF ANIMALS
	Chapter Outline
	WHAT ARE CELLS?
	WHY ARE MOSTCELLS SMALL?
	CELL MEMBRANES
	MOVEMENT ACROSSMEMBRANES
	CYTOPLASM, ORGANELLES,AND CELLULAR COMPONENTS
	THE NUCLEUS:INFORMATION CENTER
	LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONIN VARIOUS ANIMALS
	TISSUES
	ORGANS
	ORGAN SYSTEMS
	SUMMARY
	CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS
	ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONQUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3 CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE
	Chapter Outline
	EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
	Mitotic Cell DivisionEUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
	Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction
	DNA: The Genetic Material
	Inheritance Patterns in Animals
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 4 EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE
	Chapter Outline
	Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change
	Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey
	Early Development of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution
	The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
	Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Evidence of Macroevolutionary Change
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 5 EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES
	Chapter Outline
	Populations and Gene Pools
	Must Evolution Happen?
	Evolutionary Mechanisms
	Species and Speciation
	Rates of Evolution
	Molecular Evolution
	Mosaic Evolution
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 6 ECOLOGY: PRESERVING THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
	Chapter Outline
	Animals and Their Abiotic Environment
	Biotic Factors: Populations
	Biotic Factors: Interspecifi c Interactions
	Communities
	Trophic Structure of Ecosystems
	Cycling within Ecosystems
	Ecological Problems
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 7 ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND ORGANIZATION
	Chapter Outline
	Classifi cation of Organisms
	Patterns of Organization
	Higher Animal Taxonomy
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 8 ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS: THE PROTOZOA
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective of the Protists
	Life within a Single Plasma Membrane
	Symbiotic Lifestyles
	Protists and Protozoan Taxonomy
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 9 MULTICELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Phylum Porifera
	Phylum Cnidaria
	Phylum Ctenophora
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 10 THE TRIPLOBLASTIC, ACOELOMATE BODY PLAN
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Phylum Acoelomorpha
	Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Are Acoelomates with Gastrovascular Cavities
	Phylum Nemertea: Proboscis Worms Are Named for Their Prey-Capturing Apparatus
	Phylum Gastrotricha
	Phylum Cycliophora: A Relatively New Phylum
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 11 MOLLUSCAN SUCCESS
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Molluscan Characteristics
	Class Gastropoda
	Class Bivalvia
	Class Cephalopoda
	Class Polyplacophora
	Class Scaphopoda
	Class Monoplacophora
	Class Solenogastres
	Class Caudofoveata
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 12 ANNELIDA: THE METAMERIC BODY FORM
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Class Polychaeta
	Class Clitellata
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 13 THE PSEUDOCOELOMATE BODY PLAN: ASCHELMINTHES (LOPHOTROCHOZOAN AND ECDYSOZOAN PHYLA)
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	General Characteristics
	Aschelminthes That Do Not Molt (Lophotrochozoan Phyla)
	Aschelminthes That Molt (Ecdysozoan Phyla)
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 14 THE ARTHROPODS: BLUEPRINT FOR SUCCESS
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Metamerism and Tagmatization
	The Exoskeleton
	The Hemocoel
	Metamorphosis
	Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
	Subphylum Chelicerata
	Subphylum Crustacea
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 15 THE HEXAPODS AND MYRIAPODS: TERRESTRIAL TRIUMPHS
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Subphylum Myriapoda
	Subphylum Hexapoda
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 16 THE ECHINODERMS
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Echinoderm Characteristics
	Class Asteroidea
	Class Ophiuroidea
	Class Echinoidea
	Class Holothuroidea
	Class Crinoidea
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 17 HEMICHORDATA AND INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Phylum Hemichordata
	Phylum Chordata
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 18 THE FISHES: VERTEBRATE SUCCESS IN WATER
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Survey of Fishes
	Evolutionary Pressures
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 19 AMPHIBIANS: THE FIRST TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Survey of Amphibians
	Evolutionary Pressures
	Amphibians in Peril
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 20 REPTILES: NONAVIAN DIAPSID AMNIOTES
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Survey of the Reptiles
	Evolutionary Pressures
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Further Phylogenetic Considerations
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 21 BIRDS: REPTILES BY ANOTHER NAME
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Evolutionary Pressures
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 22 MAMMALS: SYNAPSID AMNIOTES
	Chapter Outline
	Evolutionary Perspective
	Diversity of Mammals
	Evolutionary Pressures
	WILDLIFE ALERT
	Human Evolution
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 23 PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND MOVEMENT
	Chapter Outline
	Protection: Integumentary Systems
	Movement and Support: Skeletal Systems
	Movement: Nonmuscular Movement and Muscular Systems
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 24 COMMUNICATION I: NERVOUS AND SENSORY SYSTEMS
	Chapter Outline
	Neurons: The Basic Functional Units of the Nervous System
	Neuron Communication
	Invertebrate Nervous Systems
	Vertebrate Nervous Systems
	Sensory Reception
	Invertebrate Sensory Receptors
	Vertebrate Sensory Receptors
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 25 COMMUNICATION II: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
	Chapter Outline
	Chemical Messengers
	Hormones and Their Feedback Systems
	Mechanisms of Hormone Action
	Some Hormones of Invertebrates
	An Overview of the Vertebrate Endocrine System
	Endocrine Systems of Vertebrates Other Than Birds or Mammals
	Endocrine Systems of Birds and Mammals
	Some Hormones Are Not Produced by Endocrine Glands
	Evolution of Endocrine Systems
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 26 CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
	Chapter Outline
	Internal Transport and Circulatory Systems
	Transport Systems in Invertebrates
	Transport Systems in Vertebrates
	The Hearts and Circulatory Systems of Bony Fishes,Amphibians, and Reptiles
	The Hearts and Circulatory Systems of Birds, Crocodilians, and Mammals
	The Lymphatic System Is an Open,One-Way System
	Gas Exchange
	Vertebrate Respiratory Systems
	Human Respiratory System
	Evolution of Respiratory Pigments
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 27 NUTRITION AND DIGESTION
	Chapter Outline
	Evolution of Nutrition
	The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophs
	Digestion
	Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food
	Diversity in Digestive Structures: Invertebrates
	Diversity in Digestive Structures: Vertebrates
	The Mammalian Digestive System
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 28 TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUID REGULATION
	Chapter Outline
	Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation
	Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and Excretion)
	Invertebrate Excretory Systems
	Vertebrate Excretory Systems
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
CHAPTER 29 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
	Chapter Outline
	Asexual Reproduction in Invertebrates
	Sexual Reproduction in Invertebrates
	Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates
	Examples of Reproduction among Various Vertebrate Classes
	The Human Male Reproductive System Is Typical of Male Mammals
	The Human Female Reproductive System Is Typical of Female Mammals
	Prenatal Development and Birth in a Human
	Summary
	Concept Review Questions
	Analysis and Application Questions
Glossary
Credits
Index
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