Zooarchaeology

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
List of Figures......Page 11
List of Tables......Page 17
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 21
Acknowledgments......Page 25
Zooarchaeology, an interdisciplinary field......Page 27
What’s in a name?......Page 28
The interaction of humans and animals: the many uses of animals......Page 32
Requirements for the study of animal remains......Page 33
Components of a Study......Page 34
Terminology......Page 35
Conclusions......Page 36
Introduction......Page 37
Environmental Possibilism......Page 38
Cultural Ecology, Ecological Anthropology, and Human Ecology......Page 39
Zooarchaeology in archaeological research......Page 40
Classification and Description......Page 41
Cultural History, Chronology, and Trait Lists......Page 43
Context and Function......Page 44
Recent zooarchaeological research themes......Page 46
Middle-Range Theory......Page 47
Game Theory and Optimal Foraging Models......Page 48
Social Interpretations of Human Behavior......Page 51
Three facets of modern zooarchaeological research......Page 52
Anthropological Research......Page 53
Biological Research......Page 54
Conclusions......Page 55
Introduction......Page 57
Folk Taxonomy......Page 58
Systematics......Page 59
Scientific Literature......Page 62
Anatomy......Page 64
Class distinctions: vertebrates......Page 68
Class distinctions: invertebrates......Page 70
Functions and structures of hard tissue......Page 71
Structures Used in Feeding......Page 72
Functional Morphology of Feeding......Page 76
Structures Used in Vertebrate Locomotion......Page 81
Functional Morphology of Vertebrate Locomotion......Page 82
Functional Morphology of Protection......Page 86
Other Hard Tissue Structures......Page 88
Anatomical variation......Page 89
Size......Page 90
Linear Fit......Page 91
Allometric Scaling......Page 92
Size and age......Page 95
Size and Age in Animals with Determinate Growth......Page 96
Size and Age in Animals with Indeterminate Growth......Page 99
Seasonal growth......Page 100
Sex......Page 105
Genetic Studies......Page 106
Stable Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), and Strontium (Sr) Isotopes......Page 108
Conclusions......Page 113
Introduction......Page 114
Habitat Preferences......Page 115
Food Preferences......Page 117
Classification by Food Category: Trophic Levels......Page 118
Dietary Requirements for Energy and Nutrients......Page 120
Social Environment: Territories and Social Hierarchies......Page 124
Life History Strategies: Population Growth and Regulation......Page 125
Life History Strategies: Age Structure and Survivorship Curves......Page 126
Community ecology......Page 129
Ecosystem Structure......Page 130
Food Webs......Page 133
Productivity......Page 135
Richness, Diversity, and Equitability......Page 136
Sample Size......Page 139
Similarity Measures......Page 140
Conclusions......Page 141
Introduction......Page 143
Model......Page 144
Residential Refuse......Page 146
Intentional Burial......Page 147
First-order changes: taphonomy......Page 148
First-order changes: cultural transformation processes......Page 149
Killing......Page 151
Skinning and Butchering......Page 152
Cooking and Preservation......Page 156
Burned Specimens......Page 158
Bone, Teeth, Horn, and Shell as Raw Materials......Page 159
First-order changes: additional biotic processes......Page 160
Gnawing......Page 161
Digestion......Page 162
Commensal Animals......Page 163
Trampling......Page 164
First-order changes: abiotic processes......Page 165
Soil pH......Page 166
Fragmentation......Page 167
Weathering and Other Processes......Page 168
Actualistic Studies......Page 169
Ethnoarchaeology......Page 170
Excavation Location......Page 172
Screen Size......Page 173
Skimming......Page 176
Documenting the magnitude of change......Page 177
Conclusions......Page 178
Introduction......Page 179
The hypothetical collection......Page 180
Quantifying relative abundance of different taxa......Page 182
Literature review and reference collection......Page 183
Primary data......Page 184
Identification of Human Remains......Page 186
Elements represented......Page 187
Taxonomic attribution......Page 190
Specimen count......Page 193
Modifications and pathologies......Page 194
Anatomical features of age and sex......Page 198
Epiphyseal Fusion......Page 199
Tooth Wear......Page 200
Incremental Structures......Page 202
Antler and Horn......Page 204
Measurements......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 206
Introduction......Page 208
Estimates of body dimensions......Page 209
Comparisons with Reference Skeletons and Ratios......Page 211
Allometric Regressions......Page 212
Ratio Diagrams......Page 213
Attribution of Closely Related Species and Domestic Taxa......Page 215
Construction of age classes......Page 218
Animals with Determinate Growth......Page 219
Animals with Indeterminate Growth......Page 223
Sex......Page 225
Number of Identified Specimens (  NISP  )......Page 228
Minimum Number of Individuals (  MNI  )......Page 231
Specimen Weight......Page 236
Relative Frequencies of Taxa and Their Interpretation......Page 238
Skeletal frequency......Page 239
Skeletal Portions......Page 242
Ratios of Observed to Expected Specimens......Page 245
Corrected Frequency and Other Ranking Systems......Page 250
Utility Indices......Page 251
Summary of Skeletal Frequencies......Page 256
Estimates of dietary contribution......Page 259
Estimates of Dietary Contribution of Whole Animals......Page 260
Estimates of Dietary Contribution from Specimen Weight......Page 263
Summary of Estimates of Dietary Contribution......Page 266
Modifications and pathologies......Page 268
Niche breadth......Page 271
Interpretation of the hypothetical collection......Page 272
Conclusions......Page 275
Introduction......Page 277
Jochim’s model......Page 279
Nutrition and diet......Page 281
Spatial dimensions......Page 283
Temporal dimensions......Page 286
Technology......Page 292
Capture Tools and Methods......Page 294
Food Processing and Preservation......Page 298
Raw Materials, Ornaments, Tools, and Toys......Page 301
Exchange systems......Page 302
Animals as social markers......Page 304
Status and Ethnicity......Page 306
Belief Systems and Rituals......Page 307
Feasting and Fasting......Page 309
Conclusions......Page 311
Introduction......Page 313
Archaeogenetics......Page 314
Nature of domestic animals......Page 316
Dogs......Page 320
Other Domestic Animals......Page 321
Process of animal domestication and methods of study......Page 323
Capture and Control of Animals......Page 324
Taming......Page 325
The “Walking Larder”......Page 327
Control of Breeding......Page 328
Demographic Changes......Page 332
Evidence for Demographic Change......Page 333
Introduction and Spread of Domestic Stock......Page 336
Pathologies......Page 337
Associated Landscape Changes and Material Culture......Page 339
Return to the Wild......Page 340
Conclusions......Page 341
Introduction......Page 342
Environmental changes and their causes......Page 343
Caveats......Page 345
Reconstruction of the Past Environment......Page 346
Use of Faunal Data to Understand Change......Page 349
Island Ecosystems......Page 350
Harvesting Effort......Page 351
Overexploitation......Page 352
Extinctions: Sitzkrieg versus Blitzkrieg......Page 354
Domesticating the Landscape......Page 355
Effects of Plant and Animal Husbandry......Page 356
Applied zooarchaeology......Page 357
Conclusions......Page 360
Relationships among data and interpretations......Page 361
The nature of zooarchaeological material: coping with an incomplete and altered record......Page 367
Match Methods to Research Objectives......Page 368
Verify Through Observation, Experimentation, and Replication......Page 369
Use an Interdisciplinary Approach......Page 371
Methodological Advances......Page 372
Diverse Responses to the Challenges and Opportunities of the Environment......Page 373
Variety of Animal Roles and the Breadth of Their Social Meaning......Page 374
Magnitude of Human Impact on the Environment......Page 375
Future directions in zooarchaeology......Page 376
Appendix 1 Taxonomic List......Page 379
Appendix 2 Anatomical Drawings......Page 389
Introduction......Page 403
Reference collections......Page 404
In the Field and Archaeological Laboratory......Page 410
In the Zooarchaeology Laboratory......Page 412
Disseminating the results......Page 416
Long-term curation......Page 419
Access to Data......Page 420
Conclusion......Page 421
Appendix 4 Hypothetical Collection Data......Page 422
Bibliography......Page 435
Systematic Index......Page 517
Topical Index......Page 530