Zapatista! : reinventing revolution in Mexico

Energy Efficiency 2019
	Foreword
	Acknowledgements
	Table of contents
		List of figures
		List of boxes
		List of tables
	Executive summary
		Energy intensity improvements continued to slow in 2018
		Technical efficiency improved in 2018, but significant potential remains
		Digitalisation can unlock greater efficiency if barriers are removed
	I. Demand and energy intensity
		Highlights
		Primary demand
		Primary energy intensity
		Final demand
			Rising gas demand underpins growth in the US petrochemicals sector
			Exceptional weather drove up demand for space cooling and heating
		Final energy intensity
		References
	II. Why are energy intensity improvements slowing?
		Highlights
		Introduction
			The slowdown in energy intensity improvement represents missed opportunities
			Large economies determine the dynamics of the slowdown
		Recent changes in industry and exceptional weather compounded longer-term trends
		The impacts of improved technical efficiency are being blunted by other factors
			In industry, technical efficiency is returning to trend while structure is changing
			In transport and residential buildings, structural factors are outpacing technical efficiency gains
			Passenger transport trends
				Passenger road transport activity is highest in cars and trucks, some of the most energy-intensive modes of transport
				Consumers continue to prefer larger vehicles
				In emerging markets, declining occupancy rates are offsetting efficiency gains from new car sales
				In established markets, cars and vans are getting older, reducing the overall technical efficiency of the global fleet
				Diesel cars are being driven out of the market
			Freight transport trends
			Residential buildings trends
				Residential floor area keeps rising while household occupancy rates fall
				Demand for energy services, such as space cooling and space heating, continues to rise
		Are our “digital lifestyles” more energy intensive?
			Strong efficiency gains have helped to keep energy use for digital services in check
			Impact of “digital lifestyles” on energy intensity remains uncertain
		References
	III. Technical efficiency progress in 2018
		Highlights
		Introduction
			Technical efficiency improvements continue to have multiple benefits
		Policy drivers of efficiency
			Policy highlights in 2018-19
				Air conditioning policy makes encouraging progress
				Transport fuel economy standards will improve in some markets
				A comprehensive European energy efficiency policy framework is set to take effect
				South Africa’s carbon price enters into force
				India launches a new residential building code
				A new phase of building energy rating begins in Australia
				Financial Instruments for Brazil Energy Efficient Cities – FinBRAZEEC
				Azerbaijan’s law on energy saving and energy efficiency
			Mandatory policies
				New mandatory policies emerging in transport
			Energy efficiency obligations
			Financial incentives
				Electric vehicle incentives scale up
		Finance and investment
			Incremental investments
			Energy service companies
			Green mortgages and green bonds
			Property-based repayment schemes
			Policy support and market guidance for energy efficiency investments and projects
			The role of international financial institutions
		Efficient technologies
			Buildings sector technologies
				Recent developments
				Medium-term technological change
			Industry sector technologies
				Recent developments
			Transport sector technologies
				Recent developments
		References
	IV. Emerging trends: Digitalisation
		Highlights
		Introduction
		How can digital technologies combine to improve energy efficiency?
			Data gathering
				Sensors
				Meters
				Distributed ledgers
				Interfaces
			Data analysis
				Algorithms and artificial intelligence
				Simulation software and digital twins
			Physical action
				Actuators
				3D printers
				Interfaces
		Impacts of digitalisation
			Estimated global impacts
			Unlocking flexible demand
			Sectoral benefits
		How digitalisation is changing energy efficiency
			Digitalisation helps to value energy efficiency more accurately and faster than ever
			Digitalisation is all but inevitable and can be leveraged for greater energy efficiency
		How policy can harness digital technologies for energy efficiency
			Addressing barriers will be crucial
			A proposed framework of policy principles
			Improve access to energy-related data
			Ensure that data and cybersecurity protection is robust
			Strengthen energy users’ trust in digital technologies
			Ensure that energy markets value the services provided by digital energy efficiency
			Give all parts of society access to digital efficient technologies and infrastructure
			Ensure the workforce is ready to use digital technologies
			Minimise negative environmental impacts
			Give technology providers and businesses incentives to innovate
		References
	Annexes
		Annex A: Definition of factors included in decomposition analysis
		Annex B: Efficiency policy types monitored by the IEA
		Glossary
			List of acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
				Acronyms and abbreviations
				Units of measure