Year of Fire, Year of Ash

Cover
About the Author
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Tables and Maps
Foreword
Abbreviations
Nineteen Seventy-Six
Introduction
	Race Riots or Class War?
	The 19608: from Quiescence to Resistance
	Students in Revolt
	The Uprising of June 1976
	References
Part 1: From School Strikes to Black Consciousness
	1. The Black Schools: 1799-1954
		Schools: Segregated and Unequal
		First Steps in the Cape
		Education in the Interior
		Early African Criticisms
		Discrimination After 1910
		The Students' Response
		Strikes in the Schools
		The University College of Fort Hare
		Politics Comes to the Campus
		References
	2. Bantu Education: 1954-1976
		Christian National Education: The Afrikaner Ideal
		Bantu Authorities and Bantu Education
		ANC Responds: the 'Resist Apartheid Campaign'
		Higher Education Under Attack
		The Extension of University Education Act
		Schools Dismantled and the Struggle Continues
		References
	3. The University Student Movements: 1960-1969
		Bantu Education Implemented
		The Black Campus Protest
		The NUSAS Issue
		'Black Man, You Are On Your Own.'
		References
	4. Black Consciousness Politics: 1970-1974
		SASO and the Black Consciousness Movement
		Black Peoples Convention (BPC) Launched, July 1972
		Black Consciousness in Action
		The May Revolt, 1972
		The 'Viva Frelimo' Rally
		References
	5. Secondary Schools and the African School Movement
		Education for Black Labour?
		New Labour Needs and School Expansion
		Secondary School 'Explosion'
		The Language Bombshell
		School Students Organise
		The South African Students Movement
		References
	6. The Black Consciousness Movement: Ideology and Action
		One Million Members? An Impossible Goal
		The Myth of BPC Radicalism
		Non-collaboration? The BPC Dilemma
		Buthelezi's Politics Pose a Problem
		References
Part 2: Workers and Students on the Road to Revolt
	7. Black Workers Set the Pace
		The Economic Paradox
		Workers' Organisations: Old and New
		Black Consciousness and the Workers
		The Strike in Namibia, 1971
		Natal Workers on Strike, 1973
		The Intervention of Barney Dladla
		The Organisation of Trade Unions
		References
	8. The Strike Wave Spreads
		Black Miners Shake the Country
		Strikes Become Endemic
		East London: Bantustan Leaders as Strike-Breakers
		Strikes Without End
		The Strikes and the Political Struggle
		References
	9. State Repression and Political Revival: 1974-1976
		The Schlebusch Commission Reports
		Detentions and Arrests
		Impact of the Trials: 1976-76
		The Bus Boycotts in 1975-76
		'The Revolt Is Already Under Way'
		South Africa Invades Angola
		Buthelezi's Road to Liberation
		References
	10. The Soweto Revolt: June 1976
		Chaos in the African Schools
		The Campaign to Stop Afrikaans Medium Lessons
		The Demonstration of June 16, 1976
		The Youth Take Revenge
		Police Terror
		The Response of a People
		Revolt in the Northern Transvaal
		Leaders of the Revolt
		The Parents Play Their Part
		The Underground Organisations
		References
	11. The Revolt Takes Shape
		The Funeral Ceremonies
		Back to School?
		The March on Johannesburg
		Nation-wide Response
		References
	12. The Cape Province Explodes
		The Shaping of Cape Society
		The 'Eiselen' Line
		The Schools in Cape Town
		'Coloureds are Black, too'
		Coloureds and Apartheid Politics
		The Theron Commission
		Cape Schools Join the Revolt
		Separate, Yet Together
		Blacks Invade the White City
		Was There a Cape Town Leadership?
		Other Centres of the Revolt
		References
	13. New Tactics in the Revolt
		Reaction Takes the Offensive
		Azikhwelwa Madoda! (Stay at Home!)
		To Return or Not to Return to School
		Legality and Illegality in Soweto
		The September Stay-at-Homes
		The Workers Stay at Home
		Problems of the Political Strike
		References
	14. The Revolt Winds Down
		The March on Johannesburg
		Alcohol and the Christmas Season
		Divided Counsel on Examinations
		The SSRC Abolishes the UBC
		The First Commemoration of June 16
		SASM Politics in 1977
		The Police Move In
		References
Part 3: Black Consciousness and the Struggle in S. Africa
	15. Anatomy of the Revolt
		Origins
		Consciousness and the Revolt
		Black Consciousness as an Ideology
		Black Consciousness and the Rejection of Class Analysis
		The Black Consciousness Movement and Black Business
		The Petty Bourgeoisie: Urban and Rural
		References
	16. Black Consciousness in South African History
		The Roots of Black Consciousness
		The Message of the CYL Leadership
		Economics and the Poverty of CYL Policy
		The ANC and the Programme of Action
		From Africanism to Black Consciousness
		Black Consciousness and Violence
		References
A South African Glossary
When Did It Happen? A Chronology of Events
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
Index