X-Ray Spectroscopy in Astrophysics: Lectures Held at the Astrophysics School X Organized by the European Astrophysics Doctoral Network (EADN) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 22 – October 3,1997

01.pdf......Page 1
1 Introduction......Page 15
2 Continuum Radiation Processes from Hot and Relativistic Plasmas......Page 16
3 Basic Radiation Concepts......Page 18
3.1 The radiation of an accelerated charged particle - J.J. Thomson\'s treatment......Page 19
3.2 Thomson scattering......Page 22
3.3 Radiation of an accelerated electron - improved version......Page 27
3.4 A useful relativistic invariant......Page 29
3.5 Parseval\'s theorem and the spectral distribution of the radiation of an accelerated electron......Page 30
4.1 Encounters between charged particles......Page 31
4.2 The spectrum and energy loss rate of bremsstrahlung......Page 33
4.3 Non-relativistic and thermal bremsstrahlung......Page 36
4.4 Non-relativistic and relativistic bremsstrahlung losses......Page 38
5.1 The properties of rich clusters of galaxies......Page 41
5.2 Hot gas in clusters of galaxies and isothermal gas spheres......Page 42
5.3 X-ray observations of hot gas in clusters of galaxies......Page 46
5.4 Cooling flows in clusters of galaxies......Page 48
5.5 The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in hot intra-cluster gas......Page 50
5.6 The X-ray thermal bremsstrahlung of hot intergalactic gas......Page 52
5.7 The origin of the hard X-ray background......Page 54
6 Synchrotron Radiation......Page 57
6.1 Motion of an electron in a uniform, static magnetic field......Page 58
6.2 The total energy loss rate......Page 59
6.3 Non-relativistic gyroradiation and cyclotron radiation......Page 61
6.4 The spectral distribution of radiation from a single electron. - physical arguments......Page 65
6.5 The spectrum of synchrotron radiation - improved version......Page 69
6.6 The synchrotron radiation of a power law distribution of electron energies......Page 71
6.7 Why is synchrotron radiation taken so seriously?......Page 72
6.8 Synchrotron self absorption......Page 75
6.9 Distortions of injection spectra of the electrons......Page 78
6.10 The energetics of sources of synchrotron radiation......Page 82
7 Inverse Compton Scattering......Page 87
8 Synchro-Compton Radiation and the Inverse Compton Catastrophe......Page 93
9 gamma-ray Processes, Photon-photon Interactions and the Compactness Parameter......Page 98
9.1 Electron-positron annihilation......Page 99
9.2 Plioton-photon collisioiis......Page 101
9.3 The compactness parameter......Page 102
10 Relativistic Beaming......Page 103
11 The Acceleration of Charged Particles......Page 111
References......Page 120
1 Introduction......Page 122
2 Radiation Processes and Plasma Models......Page 123
3.2 Spectral fitting with SPEX......Page 126
4 The Coronal Model......Page 128
4.1.1 Optical-depth effects: criteria for the optically thin approximation......Page 130
4.1.2 High-density effects: transition from coronal to thermal model......Page 133
4.1.3 Non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) in transient plasmas......Page 134
4.1.4 Non-Maxwellian electron velocity distributions......Page 136
5 Ionization Balance......Page 138
5.1 Accuracy of atomic physics for the ionization balance......Page 139
5.2.1 Ionization rates......Page 140
6.1 Collisional ionization......Page 141
6.1.1 Direct ionization......Page 143
6.1.2 Excitation-Auto-ionization......Page 144
6.1.3 High-density effects on the ionization rates......Page 146
7 Rate Coefficients for Recombination......Page 148
7.1 Radiative recombination the Miline equation......Page 150
7.1.1 High-density effects on the radiative recombination rates......Page 153
7.2 Dielectronic recombination......Page 154
7.2.2 Inaccuracies: effects of electric fields......Page 157
III. Formation of X-ray Spectra in a Coronal Plasma......Page 158
8 Line Radiation......Page 159
8.1 Excitation processes......Page 161
8.1.1 Electron impact excitation rate coefficients......Page 164
8.1.3 Accuracy of excitation rates......Page 169
8.2.1 Notations for energy levels and electron configuration......Page 170
8.2.2 Coupling schemes......Page 171
8.2.3 Types of transitions......Page 173
8.2.4 Selection rules......Page 174
9 Continuum Radiation......Page 175
10 Electron Temperature......Page 179
13 Electron Density......Page 180
14 Differential Emission Measure......Page 183
15 Diagnostics of Satellite Lines......Page 185
15.1 Dielectronic recombination (DR) satellite intensity......Page 186
15.2.1 Density effects......Page 187
15.4 Diagnostics......Page 188
15.4.1 Temperature diagnostics......Page 189
15.4.3 Non-Maxwellian electron velocity distributions......Page 190
15.4.4 Line and continuum emission for non-thermal distributions......Page 192
16 Comparison of Calculated Spectra and Accuracy......Page 194
References......Page 195
1 Introduction......Page 201
2 Comptonization......Page 205
2.1 Energy transfer in a single Compton scatter......Page 207
2.2 The Compton y parameter......Page 210
2.3 The Kompaneets Equation......Page 213
2.4 Compton heating and cooling......Page 220
2.5 The Compton temperature......Page 222
3 Spectroscopy of X-ray Photoionized Plasmas......Page 224
3.1 X-ray nebulae......Page 225
3.2 The ionization parameter overionization in the nebula......Page 226
3.3 Differential emission measure distributions......Page 231
3.4 Radiative recombination continua......Page 233
3.5 Spectral signatures of recombination kinetics......Page 236
3.6 Density diagnostics in X-ray photoionized plasmas......Page 241
3.7 Fluorescent K-shell emission......Page 246
3.8 Dielectronic recombination in X-ray pliotoionized plasmas......Page 255
4 Transient Phases of Ionization Disequilibrium......Page 260
4.1 Equilibration time and ionization time......Page 262
4.3 A three-stage systein......Page 263
4.4 Metastable energy levels in rapidly ionizing plasmas......Page 266
4.5 A worked example: transient ionization of oxygen......Page 270
Acknowledgements......Page 277
References......Page 278
1.1 X-ray spectroscopy......Page 281
1.2 The ASCA and BeppoSAX missions......Page 282
1.3 Most prominent spectral features observable with ASCA and BeppoSAX......Page 284
2.2 Data binning......Page 286
2.5 Spectral deconvolution......Page 287
2.6 Statistics......Page 288
2.7 Low count rates......Page 289
2.9 Plasma models......Page 290
3.1 Introduction......Page 291
3.3 Temperature structure......Page 292
3.4 Abundances......Page 295
3.5 Flares......Page 296
4.2 Normal 0 and B stars......Page 297
4.4 Wolf-Rayet binaries......Page 298
5.2 X-ray emission from protostars......Page 299
5.3 X-ray emission from T Tauri stars......Page 300
6.2 Non-magnetic cataclysmic variables......Page 301
6.3 Intermediate polars......Page 302
6.4 Polars......Page 304
7.2 Vela X-1......Page 305
7.3 Cyg X-3......Page 307
7.5 SS433......Page 308
7.6 Other cases......Page 309
8.2 4U 1626-67......Page 310
8.3 Cir X-1......Page 311
9.1 Introduction......Page 313
9.2 Oxygen-rich remnants: Cas A......Page 315
9.3 Young type la remnants......Page 316
9.4 Old shell-like remnants......Page 317
9.6 Crab-like remnants......Page 319
9.8 Jets interacting with SNRs......Page 320
9.9 Isolated pulsars......Page 321
9.10 The Magellainic Cloud SNRs......Page 322
10.2 The galactic center......Page 323
10.3 X-ray emission from other normal galaxies......Page 326
11. 1 The iron line......Page 327
11.2 Warm absorbers......Page 331
11.3 The power law componeitit......Page 332
11.4 Soft components......Page 333
11.6 Broad-line radio galaxies......Page 334
12.2 NGC 1068......Page 335
12.3 NGC 6552......Page 336
12.4 NGC 4945......Page 337
12.7 Intermediate cases: narrow emission Iine galaxies and others......Page 338
13.1 Radio-quiet quasars......Page 340
13.2 Radio-loud quasars......Page 342
14 Clusters of Galaxies......Page 343
14.1 Temperature distribution of the hot medium......Page 344
14.2 The cooling flow and central temperature distribution.......Page 345
14.3 Mass distribution......Page 347
14.5 Cluster mergers and dynamical evolution......Page 348
14.6 Optical-depth effects......Page 349
14.8 Abundances in nearby clusters......Page 350
14.10 Abundance gradients......Page 351
References......Page 352
1 Introduction......Page 359
2.1 Ionization stage spectroscopy......Page 360
2.3 Density diagnostics......Page 361
2.4 Satellite line spectroscopy......Page 363
2.5 Radiative recombination continuum spectroscopy......Page 364
2.7 Compton scattering effects......Page 365
2.8 Raman scattering......Page 366
2.9 Fluorescence spectroscopy......Page 367
2.10 EXAFS spectroscopy......Page 370
2.11 Radial-velocity spectroscopy......Page 371
3 X-ray Astrophysical Spectrometers......Page 372
3.1 Diffractive spectrometers......Page 373
3.2 Non-diffractive spectrometers......Page 378
3.3 Comparison with astrophysically significant resolving powers......Page 379
3.4 The Rowland circle......Page 381
4.1 Introduction......Page 385
4.2 The High Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer......Page 387
4.3 The diffraction efficiency of an X-ray transmission grating......Page 394
4.4 The Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer......Page 399
4.5 In Von Laue and Debye\'s footsteps: scattering by random fluctuations in the properties of a transmission grating......Page 402
5.1 Introduction......Page 409
5.2 Properties of reflection gratings, and design of a grazing-incidence reflection grating spectrometer......Page 410
5.3 Implementation of the design, and actual performance of the RGS......Page 416
5.4 Examples......Page 421
6 The Objective Crystal Spectrometer on Spectrum X/\\gamma......Page 424
7.1 Introduction......Page 427
7.2 Thermodynamic fluctuations......Page 428
7.3 An alternative derivation......Page 435
7.4 The microcalorimeter on Astro-E......Page 440
8 The 21st Century......Page 441
References......Page 444
1.2 The fundamental interaction utilised in X-ray optics......Page 447
2.1 The classical electromagnetic theory......Page 448
2.2 The origin of dispersion - optical constants for X rays......Page 450
2.3 The Kramers-Kronig relations - measuring and calculating the refractive index for X rays......Page 454
3.1 Fresnel reflection......Page 456
3.2 Reflection from multi-layers......Page 458
3.3 Reflection from crystals......Page 460
3.4 Reflection and transmission gratings......Page 461
3.5 Scattering from surface roughness......Page 462
4.1 The geometrical theory of imaging......Page 464
4.2 Grazing-incidence telescopes; Wolter type I and H and Kirkpatrick-Baez systems......Page 467
5.1 Optimization of the design......Page 469
5.2.1 Foils......Page 470
5.2.3 Replicated shells......Page 471
5.2.5 Diffraction limited X-ray mirrors......Page 472
5.2.6 Crystal lenses......Page 473
5.4.1 The XMM X-ray optics......Page 475
5.4.2 The AXAF X-ray optics......Page 477
5.5 Assessing the performance of X-ray telescopes......Page 479
5.6.1 The LOBSTER X-ray optics......Page 481
5.6.2 The XEUS X-ray optics......Page 482
5.6.3 High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy......Page 485
References......Page 486
1 Introduction......Page 488
2.1 The primary energy band: 0.1 -10 keV......Page 489
2.2 The EUV band......Page 492
2.3 The hard X-ray band: 10-100 keV......Page 493
3 The Ideal Spectrometer......Page 494
4.1 Operating principles......Page 496
4.3 Reflection gratings......Page 498
4.5 Bragg crystal spectrometers......Page 501
5 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy: Basic Principles......Page 503
6 Cryogenic Detectors......Page 508
6.1 Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs)......Page 510
6.2 Microcalorimeters......Page 514
References......Page 519
09.pdf......Page 522