Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice (Wyllie, Treatment of Epilepsy)

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
DEDICATION......Page 7
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS......Page 8
PREFACE......Page 15
FOREWORD......Page 16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 17
CONTENTS......Page 18
PART I: PATHOLOGIC SUBSTRATES AND MECHANISMS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS......Page 25
CHAPTER 1: EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF EPILEPSY......Page 26
CURRENT DEFINITIONS AND DISTINCTIONS USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC EPILEPSY RESEARCH......Page 27
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 28
FREQUENCY MEASURES OF INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE......Page 29
References......Page 32
RECURRENCE AFTER A SINGLE SEIZURE......Page 35
REMISSION OF TREATED EPILEPSY......Page 36
PROGNOSIS AFTER EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 37
MORTALITY OF EPILEPSY......Page 38
References......Page 40
GENERAL MECHANISMS OF TRANSMISSION AND NETWORKS......Page 44
REVIEW OF TECHNIQUES......Page 48
MECHANISMS OF SE......Page 49
EPILEPTOGENESIS......Page 50
References......Page 52
GENETICS OF IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY SYNDROMES......Page 58
GENETIC TESTING......Page 63
References......Page 65
CHAPTER 5: PICTORIAL ATLAS OF EPILEPSY SUBSTRATES......Page 67
PART II: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY......Page 83
BIOELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF NEURONAL AND GLIAL CELLS......Page 84
PRINCIPLES OF FIELD POTENTIAL GENERATION......Page 85
POTENTIAL FIELDS IN NEURONAL NETWORKS......Page 87
TYPES OF FIELD POTENTIAL CHANGES......Page 88
BASICS OF EPILEPTIC FIELD POTENTIALS......Page 90
FIELD POTENTIALS WITH FOCAL EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY......Page 91
FIELD POTENTIALS WITH GENERALIZED TONIC–CLONIC ACTIVITY......Page 92
CORRELATIONS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CHANGES IN A NEURONAL POPULATION AND OF EEG SIGNALS......Page 94
References......Page 95
PRACTICAL CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICAL FIELDS APPLIED TO BRAIN GENERATORS......Page 97
EEG INSTRUMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO LOCALIZATION......Page 101
ELECTRICAL FIELD DETERMINATION ON THE SCALP......Page 102
SOURCE LOCALIZATION......Page 109
COMPUTER-AIDED METHODOLOGY FOR LOCATING EEG SOURCES......Page 112
References......Page 114
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 117
SPECIFIC INTERICTAL EPILEPTIFORM PATTERNS IN PARTIAL EPILEPSIES......Page 118
CLINICAL USE OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH IN THE PARTIAL EPILEPSIES......Page 119
SPECIFIC PATTERNS......Page 122
SPECIAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN NEWBORNS AND INFANTS......Page 125
References......Page 126
METHODS......Page 127
PART II: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES OF THE GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES......Page 128
PART IV: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN NONEPILEPTIC PAROXYSMAL DISORDERS......Page 129
Bibliography......Page 156
PART III: EPILEPTIC SEIZURES AND SYNDROMES......Page 157
LIMITATIONS OF THE ELECTROCLINICAL APPROACH TO SEIZURE CLASSIFICATION......Page 158
THE SEMIOLOGICAL SEIZURE CLASSIFICATION (SSC)......Page 159
PART I: PARTIAL (FOCAL, LOCAL) SEIZURES......Page 161
PART V: DEFINITION OF TERMS......Page 163
POSTICTAL PARALYSIS (TODD PARALYSIS)......Page 167
AURA COMBINATIONS AND MARCH......Page 168
INDIVIDUAL DETERMINANTS......Page 169
EEG LOCALIZATION......Page 170
VISUAL AURAS......Page 172
CEPHALIC AURAS AND ICTAL HEADACHES......Page 173
PSYCHIC AURAS......Page 174
References......Page 175
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 177
LOCALIZING VALUE OF FOCAL SEIZURES WITH IMPAIRMENT OF CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 178
LATERALIZING FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH FOCAL SEIZURES WITH IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 180
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS......Page 181
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS IN FOCAL SEIZURES......Page 184
References......Page 185
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE MOTOR CORTEX......Page 187
FOCAL MOTOR SEIZURES......Page 193
EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA......Page 199
SUPPLEMENTARY SENSORIMOTOR SEIZURES......Page 201
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 203
References......Page 204
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 208
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS......Page 210
TREATMENT......Page 211
References......Page 214
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 216
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FEATURES......Page 218
DIAGNOSIS......Page 219
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 221
References......Page 223
SEIZURE TYPES......Page 226
TREATMENT......Page 235
SUMMARY......Page 236
References......Page 237
CLINICAL SEMIOLOGY OF IS AND ES......Page 240
ETIOLOGY......Page 241
CURRENT MODELS AND THEORIES OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ES......Page 242
INTERICTAL AND ICTAL EEG......Page 243
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 245
PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT......Page 247
COURSE AND PROGNOSIS......Page 249
References......Page 250
THE 1989 ILAE CLASSIFICATION......Page 253
2001 ILAE PROPOSAL: A SYNDROME-ORIENTED CLASSIFICATION......Page 254
FIVE-DIMENSIONAL PATIENT-ORIENTED EPILEPSY CLASSIFICATION PROPOSAL......Page 255
References......Page 258
PART I: INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPSIES AND EPILEPTIC SYNDROMES......Page 259
PART II: DEFINITIONS......Page 262
PART III: SYMPTOMATIC GENERALIZED EPILEPSIES OF SPECIFIC ETIOLOGIES......Page 265
PART IV......Page 266
BENIGN PARTIAL EPILEPSY SYNDROMES RECOGNIZED BY THE ILAE......Page 267
BENIGN OCCIPITAL EPILEPSY OF CHILDHOOD......Page 274
PROPOSED BENIGN PARTIAL EPILEPSY SYNDROMES NOT YET RECOGNIZED BY THE ILAE......Page 276
SUMMARY......Page 278
References......Page 279
CHILDHOOD ABSENCE EPILEPSY......Page 282
JUVENILE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY......Page 284
EPILEPSY WITH GENERALIZED TONIC–CLONIC SEIZURES ONLY......Page 289
GENERALIZED EPILEPSY WITH FEBRILE SEIZURES PLUS (GEFS+)......Page 290
References......Page 291
ETIOLOGY......Page 293
BENIGN MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY IN INFANCY (BMEI)......Page 294
MYOCLONIC ASTATIC EPILEPSY (MAE)/DOOSE SYNDROME......Page 295
SEVERE MYOCLONIC EPILEPSY OF INFANCY (SMEI)/DRAVET SYNDROME......Page 297
PROGRESSIVE MYOCLONUS EPILEPSIES (PMEs)......Page 299
PROGRESSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHIES WITH MYOCLONIC SEIZURES......Page 302
References......Page 303
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 305
LENNOX–GASTAUT SYNDROME......Page 306
COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF EGE......Page 307
EEG......Page 308
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 309
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 313
TREATMENT......Page 314
PROGNOSIS......Page 315
References......Page 316
DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL OVERVIEW......Page 318
CONTINUOUS SPIKE WAVES OF SLOW SLEEP SYNDROME AND LANDAU–KLEFFNER SYNDROME......Page 319
References......Page 326
BASIC MECHANISMS OF REFLEX EPILEPSY......Page 329
REFLEX EPILEPSY WITH VISUAL TRIGGERS......Page 330
VISUALLY EVOKED SEIZURES NOT INDUCED BY FLICKER......Page 332
SEIZURES INDUCED BY COMPLEX NONVISUAL ACTIVITY......Page 333
References......Page 337
CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS......Page 341
IMAGING......Page 345
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS......Page 347
CRITERIA FOR (EARLY) DIAGNOSIS......Page 348
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENTS......Page 349
References......Page 351
HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS......Page 356
DUAL PATHOLOGY......Page 360
References......Page 361
MCD DUE TO ABNORMAL PROLIFERATION/APOPTOSIS (ABNORMALITIES OF BRAIN SIZE)......Page 363
MCD DUE TO ABNORMAL PROLIFERATION (ABNORMAL CELL TYPES)......Page 364
MALFORMATIONS DUE TO ABNORMAL NEURONAL MIGRATION (NEURONAL MIGRATION DISORDERS)......Page 368
MALFORMATIONS DUE TO ABNORMAL CORTICAL ORGANIZATION......Page 371
References......Page 372
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 376
PROPOSED MECHANISMS OF EPILEPTOGENESIS......Page 378
TREATMENT OF SEIZURES IN THE SETTING OF BRAIN TUMORS......Page 379
References......Page 384
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF POST-TRAUMATIC SEIZURES......Page 385
TREATMENT OF EARLY AND LATE SEIZURES......Page 387
DIAGNOSIS......Page 388
References......Page 392
EPILEPSY IN PEDIATRIC CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 395
EPILEPSY IN ADULT CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 396
References......Page 397
TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS COMPLEX......Page 399
STURGE–WEBER SYNDROME......Page 402
RARE NEUROCUTANEOUS CONDITIONS WITH EPILEPSY......Page 404
References......Page 405
METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE NEWBORN AND YOUNG INFANT......Page 407
METABOLIC DISORDERS OF LATE INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE......Page 417
DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION IN METABOLIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS......Page 421
TREATMENT OF METABOLIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERS......Page 424
References......Page 425
SIGNIFICANCE OF NEONATAL SEIZURES......Page 429
CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF NEONATAL SEIZURES......Page 432
TREATMENT......Page 446
References......Page 448
PREDISPOSING FACTORS......Page 452
TYPES OF FEBRILE SEIZURES......Page 453
RISK ASSESSMENT IN FEBRILE SEIZURES......Page 455
THERAPY......Page 457
References......Page 458
METABOLIC DISORDERS......Page 462
OXYGEN DEPRIVATION......Page 465
INFECTIONS......Page 466
INTOXICATION AND DRUG-RELATED SEIZURES......Page 468
OTHER SEIZURE PRECIPITANTS......Page 470
TRANSPLANTATION AND SEIZURES......Page 471
References......Page 472
MENTAL RETARDATION......Page 475
CEREBRAL PALSY......Page 476
AUTISM......Page 477
LANDAU–KLEFFNER SYNDROME......Page 478
THERAPY......Page 479
References......Page 480
DIAGNOSIS......Page 482
THE ELDERLY ARE NOT A HOMOGENEOUS POPULATION......Page 483
VARIABILITY OF AED LEVELS IN NURSING HOMES......Page 485
CHOOSING AEDs FOR THE ELDERLY......Page 486
References......Page 490
THE CLINICAL AND ELECTROGRAPHIC STAGES OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 493
TRENDS IN PATIENTS WITH STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 494
ETIOLOGY OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 497
PROGNOSIS OF PATIENT WITH STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 498
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG THERAPY FOR STATUS EPILEPTICUS......Page 499
References......Page 505
SUSPECTING THE DIAGNOSIS......Page 510
CONFIRMING THE DIAGNOSIS......Page 511
DIFFICULT AND SPECIAL ISSUES IN DIAGNOSIS......Page 513
PROGNOSIS......Page 514
MANAGEMENT......Page 515
References......Page 516
INFANCY......Page 519
CHILDREN......Page 522
LATE CHILDHOOD, ADOLESCENCE, AND ADULTHOOD......Page 525
DISEASE-RELATED BEHAVIORS......Page 526
References......Page 527
PART IV: ANTIEPILEPTIC MEDICATIONS......Page 529
CORRELATION OF ANIMAL ANTICONVULSANT PROFILE AND CLINICAL UTILITY......Page 530
MODELS OF PHARMACORESISTANCE......Page 532
BIOMARKERS OF THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE......Page 534
References......Page 535
PHARMACOKINETICS PARAMETERS......Page 537
PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS ON PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 541
PHARMACODYNAMIC PARAMETERS......Page 542
DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 543
EFFECT OF AEDS ON OTHER DRUGS......Page 545
EFFECT OF OTHER DRUGS ON AEDS......Page 547
References......Page 549
RECURRENCE RISK FOLLOWING A FIRST UNPROVOKED SEIZURE......Page 551
WITHDRAWAL OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS IN THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN SEIZURE-FREE ON ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG THERAPY......Page 553
RISK FACTORS FOR RECURRENCE......Page 554
WITHDRAWAL OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS AFTER SUCCESSFUL RESECTIVE SURGERY......Page 556
RISKS OF INITIATING OR CONTINUING TREATMENT WITH ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS......Page 557
A THERAPEUTIC APPROACH......Page 559
References......Page 561
THE HORMONE–SEIZURE RELATIONSHIP......Page 564
EFFECTS OF SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY ON REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES......Page 566
CATAMENIAL EPILEPSY......Page 567
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN EPILEPSY......Page 571
CHANGES IN SEIZURES RELATED TO PERIMENOPAUSE AND MENOPAUSE......Page 574
HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN WOMEN WITH EPILEPSY......Page 575
CONCLUSIONS......Page 576
References......Page 577
THE FETAL ANTICONVULSANT SYNDROME......Page 581
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME......Page 585
SEIZURES DURING PREGNANCY......Page 586
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUG MANAGEMENT AND SEIZURE CONTROL......Page 587
NEONATAL VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY......Page 589
SUMMARY......Page 590
References......Page 591
OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 593
EPILEPSY AND BONE QUALITY......Page 594
References......Page 598
MEDICATIONS IN RENAL DISEASE: OVERVIEW......Page 600
MEDICATIONS IN LIVER DISEASE: OVERVIEW......Page 601
SPECIFIC DRUGS......Page 603
MEDICATIONS IN LIVER AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 611
References......Page 613
CHAPTER 48: MONITORING FOR ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS......Page 616
AT-RISK PROFILES......Page 618
CLINICAL MONITORING......Page 619
SPECIFIC DRUGS......Page 620
References......Page 623
CANDIDATE GENES FROM ABSORPTION TO ELIMINATION......Page 625
PHENOTYPICAL APPROACH TO AED ADVERSE EVENTS......Page 632
References......Page 633
CARBAMAZEPINE......Page 638
OXCARBAZEPINE......Page 642
References......Page 644
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 646
EFFICACY......Page 648
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 649
References......Page 650
CHEMISTRY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 654
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION......Page 655
PLASMA DRUG CONCENTRATIONS......Page 658
DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 659
EFFICACY......Page 662
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 664
CLINICAL USE......Page 666
References......Page 667
CHEMISTRY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 672
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 673
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER AGENTS......Page 674
EFFICACY......Page 675
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 676
CLINICAL USE......Page 677
References......Page 678
MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 681
PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 682
METABOLISM AND EXCRETION......Page 683
EFFICACY......Page 684
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 686
References......Page 688
CHEMISTRY AND MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 692
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 695
EFFICACY AS ANTIEPILEPTIC AGENTS......Page 696
INDIVIDUAL BZs......Page 698
References......Page 706
GABAPENTIN......Page 714
PREGABALIN......Page 720
References......Page 724
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 728
DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 729
EFFICACY......Page 730
TOLERABILITY......Page 731
References......Page 732
ANIMAL MODELS......Page 734
THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING......Page 735
DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 736
EFFICACY......Page 737
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 741
References......Page 744
PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 747
CLINICAL TRIALS......Page 749
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 751
References......Page 753
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 755
EFFICACY......Page 756
ADVERSE EVENTS......Page 757
OTHER PREPARATIONS......Page 758
References......Page 759
PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 760
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 761
CONCLUSION......Page 762
References......Page 763
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 765
DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 766
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 767
CLINICAL USE......Page 768
References......Page 769
PHARMACOKINETICS......Page 771
EFFICACY......Page 772
SAFETY......Page 773
CLINICAL USE......Page 774
References......Page 775
ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND DRUG INTERACTIONS......Page 777
CLINICAL STUDIES......Page 778
CLINICAL USE......Page 780
References......Page 781
MECHANISM OF ACTION......Page 782
CLINICAL STUDIES......Page 783
ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM......Page 784
CONCLUSION......Page 785
References......Page 786
INFANTILE SPASMS......Page 787
References......Page 792
CHAPTER 67: NEWER ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS......Page 795
DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS......Page 796
STRUCTURALLY NOVEL COMPOUNDS......Page 798
References......Page 801
ETHOTOIN......Page 803
METHSUXIMIDE......Page 805
BARBITURATES......Page 806
ACETAZOLAMIDE......Page 808
PYRIDOXINE......Page 809
BROMIDES......Page 810
References......Page 811
SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE DIET......Page 814
ADMINISTRATION OF THE DIET......Page 816
ADVERSE EVENTS......Page 817
CLINICAL INDICATIONS FOR USE AND EFFECTIVENESS......Page 818
References......Page 819
HISTORY......Page 821
EFFICACY......Page 823
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES......Page 824
CLINICAL STUDIES......Page 825
SELECTION OF CANDIDATES......Page 826
COMPLICATIONS AND ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 827
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES......Page 828
References......Page 829
PART V: EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 833
RULING OUT PSEUDORESISTANCE......Page 834
ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION......Page 835
CONCLUSIONS......Page 839
References......Page 840
CONCEPT OF ZONES AND DEFINITIONS......Page 842
TECHNIQUES IN THE DELINEATION OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE......Page 845
ELOQUENT CORTEX......Page 848
References......Page 849
MAJOR ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF BRAIN ON MRI......Page 852
MRI: TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 857
3 T MRI......Page 860
MINI-ATLAS OF SOME TYPICAL EPILEPTOGENIC LESIONS......Page 863
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 865
References......Page 866
EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL......Page 868
SEIZURE PROVOCATION, PATIENT MANAGEMENT, AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS......Page 869
VIDEO-EEG AND LOCALIZATION OF THE EPILEPTOGENIC ZONE......Page 870
CONCLUSION......Page 880
References......Page 881
PET IN THE EVALUATION OF EPILEPSY......Page 884
CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW STUDIES USING SPECT......Page 889
CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE OF METABOLIC AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING IN EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH PARTIAL EPILEPSY......Page 890
References......Page 891
TECHNICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF MEG......Page 901
DETECTION OF EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY......Page 902
INTERICTAL VERSUS ICTAL MEG......Page 903
ELECTROMAGNETIC SOURCE IMAGING OF EPILEPTIC ACTIVITY......Page 904
THE ROLE OF MEG IN THE PRESURGICAL EPILEPSY EVALUATION......Page 905
References......Page 906
DIFFUSION MR IMAGING......Page 909
EEG–fMRI......Page 913
References......Page 916
METHODS TO ASSESS FUNCTIONAL (RE)ORGANIZATION......Page 919
PLASTICITY IN SPECIALIZED ELOQUENT SYSTEMS......Page 921
COMMON PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS BETWEEN EPILEPSY AND PLASTICITY......Page 927
EPILEPSY SURGERY AND PLASTICITY......Page 928
References......Page 929
fMRI PRINCIPLES......Page 931
fMRI LANGUAGE LATERALIZATION AND LOCALIZATION......Page 932
fMRI MEMORY STUDIES......Page 935
References......Page 936
PROCEDURE AND TESTING PARADIGMS......Page 938
IAP INDICATIONS......Page 939
FACTORS AFFECTING IAP RESULTS......Page 940
ALTERNATIVE METHODS......Page 941
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE......Page 942
References......Page 943
EXTRACRANIAL ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY: THE STARTING POINT......Page 946
DEPTH ELECTRODES......Page 947
SUBDURAL ELECTRODES (GRIDS AND STRIPS)......Page 948
EXTRAOPERATIVE ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY AND FUNCTIONAL MAPPING......Page 949
INTRAOPERATIVE ELECTROCORTICOGRAPHY AND FUNCTIONAL MAPPING......Page 950
COMMON CLINICAL SCENARIOS......Page 951
References......Page 952
TLE SYNDROMES AMENABLE TO SURGERY......Page 954
CLINICAL VALUE OF ABDOMINAL AURAS, INTERICTAL TEMPORAL SPIKES, AND 5 TO 7 HZ ICTAL EEG PATTERN......Page 956
TYPES OF TEMPORAL RESECTIONS IN REFRACTORY TLE PATIENTS......Page 957
TIMING OF TLE SURGERY......Page 958
References......Page 966
PRESURGICAL EVALUATION OF FOCAL EXTRATEMPORAL EPILEPSY......Page 969
SURGICAL CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 971
PATHOLOGIC SUBSTRATES......Page 972
MULTILOBAR RESECTIONS......Page 973
POSTSURGICAL OUTCOME......Page 974
References......Page 977
SELECTION CRITERIA......Page 980
ANATOMICAL REMARKS AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES......Page 981
ANATOMICAL HEMISPHERECTOMY VERSUS FUNCTIONAL HEMISPHERECTOMY AND OTHER DISCONNECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 986
References......Page 987
CHAPTER 85: MULTIFOCAL RESECTIONS OR FOCAL RESECTIONS IN MULTIFOCAL EPILEPSY......Page 989
CASE EXAMPLE......Page 992
References......Page 994
CHALLENGES IN NONLESIONAL CASES......Page 996
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH IN NONLESIONAL EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 997
OPERATIVE STRATEGY IN NONLESIONAL EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 1000
SUMMARY......Page 1002
References......Page 1003
NEUROPATHOLOGY......Page 1005
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 1006
TREATMENT......Page 1008
References......Page 1013
CORPUS CALLOSOTOMY......Page 1016
VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION VERSUS CORPUS CALLOSOTOMY......Page 1018
MULTIPLE SUBPIAL TRANSECTION......Page 1020
References......Page 1023
SCALP EEG PATTERNS, INFANTILE SPASMS, AND FOCAL CORTICAL LESIONS......Page 1025
ANATOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING......Page 1029
ETIOLOGIES AND PATHOLOGIC SUBSTRATES OF EPILEPSY IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS......Page 1030
SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS......Page 1031
References......Page 1037
AVAILABLE OUTCOME MEASURES AND PITFALLS OF OUTCOME STUDIES......Page 1039
TEMPORAL LOBE SURGERY......Page 1040
FRONTAL LOBE SURGERY......Page 1043
POSTERIOR CORTEX SURGERY......Page 1045
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS AFTER FOCAL EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 1046
References......Page 1050
THERAPEUTIC STIMULATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY......Page 1053
STIMULATION TARGETS IN THE HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 1055
References......Page 1057
PART VI: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF EPILEPSY......Page 1059
EPILEPSY SURGERY......Page 1060
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS......Page 1061
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF IN UTERO AED EXPOSURE......Page 1063
References......Page 1065
DEPRESSION......Page 1069
ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 1073
PSYCHOSIS......Page 1076
PERSONALITY DISORDERS......Page 1079
SUMMARY......Page 1080
References......Page 1081
DRIVING AND THE PERSON WITH EPILEPSY......Page 1083
EMPLOYMENT AND THE PERSON WITH EPILEPSY......Page 1085
SPORTS AND RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES......Page 1086
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1087
References......Page 1088
IS THE DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION CORRECT?......Page 1089
ARE ADVERSE MEDICATION EFFECTS DETECTABLE?......Page 1090
ARE COMORBID DEPRESSION AND/OR ANXIETY PRESENT?......Page 1091
References......Page 1092
References......Page 1094
INDEX......Page 1096