Wrightsman's Psychology and the Legal System , Sixth Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
1. Psychology and the Law: Impossible Choices......Page 26
Laws as Human Creations......Page 27
The Changing of Laws......Page 28
The Psychological Study of Law......Page 29
Basic Choices in the Psychological Study of the Law......Page 30
Values in Conflict......Page 31
Two Models of the Criminal Justice System......Page 32
The Second Dilemma: Equality versus Discretion......Page 34
Box 1.1: The case of Karla Faye Tucker and a governor\'s discretion......Page 37
The Third Dilemma: To Discover the Truth or to Resolve Conflicts......Page 38
Truth versus Conflict Resolution in Plea Bargaining and Settlement Negotiation......Page 39
Law Is Doctrinal; Psychology Is Empirical......Page 40
Law Supports Contrasting Views of Reality; Psychology Seeks to Clarify One Muddled View of Reality......Page 42
The Psychologist as an Applied Scientist in the Law......Page 43
The Psychologist as an Advocate in the Law......Page 45
The Ethics of the Applied Scientist/Expert Witness......Page 47
The Ethics of the Policy Evaluator......Page 48
Legality versus Morality......Page 49
Citizens\' Sense of Morality and Legality......Page 51
Box 1.3: The Case of Ralph Damms and the unloaded pistol......Page 52
What Is Justice?......Page 53
Distributive and Procedural Justice......Page 54
Commonsense Justice: Everyday Intuitions about Fairness......Page 55
Summary......Page 56
Key Terms......Page 57
2. The Legal System and Its Players......Page 58
The Adversarial System......Page 59
Courts......Page 60
Box 2.1: The case of Terri Schiavo: A threat to judicial independence?......Page 61
\"Problem-Solving Courts\"......Page 63
Drug Courts......Page 64
Mental Health, Homeless, and Family Courts......Page 65
Judges......Page 66
How Are Judges Selected?......Page 67
Alternative Dispute Resolution......Page 68
Arbitration......Page 69
Summary Jury Trial......Page 70
Mediation......Page 71
What Kind of Work Do Lawyers Do?......Page 73
Box 2.3: The case of Clarence Gideon, his famous pauper\'s plea, and the right to an attorney......Page 75
Women in Law School and the Legal Profession......Page 77
Minorities in Law School and the Legal Profession......Page 79
Box 2.4: The case of Barbara Grutter and her admission to law school......Page 80
Trends in Lawyering......Page 81
Lawyers and Ethics......Page 83
Criticisms of Lawyers......Page 84
Summary......Page 86
Key Terms......Page 87
3. Psychology of Crime......Page 88
Theories of Crime as Explanations of Criminal Behavior......Page 93
Structural Explanations......Page 96
Subcultural Explanations......Page 97
Biological Theories of Crime......Page 98
Psychoanalytic Theories of Crime......Page 101
Personality Defect as an Explanation of Criminality......Page 102
Box 3.2: The case of Ted Bundy: Antisocial personality?......Page 103
Control Theories......Page 105
Learning Theories......Page 107
The Social Labeling Perspective......Page 111
Integration of Theories of Crime......Page 112
Summary......Page 116
Key Terms......Page 117
4. Psychology of Police......Page 118
Selection of Police Officers......Page 119
Situational Tests......Page 122
Psychological Tests......Page 123
The Validity of Police Screening......Page 124
Training of Police Officers......Page 125
Interactions with Mentally Ill Citizens......Page 126
Domestic Disturbances......Page 128
Hostage Negotiation......Page 132
The Police Officer\'s Job......Page 134
Stress and the Police......Page 135
Is There a Police Personality?......Page 139
Police–Community Relations......Page 141
Box 4.2: The case of Rodney King: Videotaped police brutality?......Page 143
Box 4.3: The case of Edward Garner and limits on the use of deadly force......Page 144
Summary......Page 147
Key Terms......Page 148
5. Crime Investigation: Witnesses......Page 149
Examples of Mistaken Eyewitness Identification......Page 151
Box 5.1: The case of Thomas Lee Goldstein: How to value 24 years lost to prison......Page 152
Points at Which a Mistaken Eyewitness Identification Can Occur......Page 153
Perception......Page 154
Memory......Page 155
Assessing the Impact of Estimator Variables on Eyewitness Accuracy......Page 157
Recommendations for Reforming Identification Procedures......Page 159
Selection of Fillers......Page 160
Lineup Presentation Method......Page 161
The Influence of Feedback......Page 162
What Is Hypnosis?......Page 163
Effects of Hypnosis on Memory: Memory Aid or Altered Memory?......Page 164
Legal Status of Hypnosis......Page 165
The Eyewitness in the Courtroom......Page 167
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cross-Examination......Page 168
Evaluating the Testimony of Psychologists......Page 169
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Cautionary Jury Instructions......Page 171
Repressed and Recovered Memories......Page 172
Repressed Memories and Memory Recovery Therapy......Page 173
Box 5.3: Recovered memories and the case against Father Paul Shanley......Page 174
Creating Pseudomemories......Page 175
Box 5.4: The case of Paul Ingram: Real memories or fabricated memories?......Page 176
Box 5.5: The case of Gary Ramona, his daughter\'s false memories, and the therapists who suggested them......Page 177
Summary......Page 178
Key Terms......Page 179
6. Identification and Evaluation of Criminal Suspects......Page 180
Profiling of Criminal Suspects......Page 181
Classifying Mass Murderers......Page 183
Steps Involved in Criminal Profiling......Page 185
The Validity of Criminal Profiles......Page 186
Emergence of the Polygraph......Page 187
Validity of Polygraph Procedures......Page 191
Other \"Lie Detection\" Methods......Page 192
Admissibility of Polygraph Records......Page 194
Use of Confessions......Page 195
Historical Background and Current Legal Standing......Page 196
Box 6.3: The case of the Central Park Jogger and five innocent suspects who confessed......Page 197
Whittling Away at Miranda......Page 198
Box 6.4: The case of Ernest Miranda and the right to remain silent: Forever changing the face of police work......Page 199
The Validity of Confession Evidence......Page 201
Inside the Interrogation Room: Common Interrogation Techniques and the Likelihood of False Confessions......Page 202
Inside the Courtroom: How Jurors Evaluate Confession Evidence......Page 205
Entrapment......Page 206
Box 6.5: The case of Billy Burgess: Entrapment on the Internet......Page 207
Summary......Page 210
Key Terms......Page 211
7. Between Arrest and Trial......Page 212
The Initial Appearance......Page 213
Arraignment......Page 214
Discovery and Pretrial Motions......Page 215
What Considerations Affect the Decision to Set Bail?......Page 218
Box 7.1: The case of \"Little Randy\" Withers and the cybersearch for defendants on the run......Page 219
Can High-Risk Defendants Be Identified?......Page 220
Does Pretrial Release Affect Trial Outcome?......Page 221
Plea Bargaining......Page 222
Box 7.2: The case of \"American Taliban\" John Walker Lindh, and his guilty plea......Page 223
Evaluations of Plea Bargaining......Page 224
Ethical Issues in Plea Bargaining......Page 226
Conflicting Rights......Page 227
Court Decisions on Pretrial Publicity......Page 228
Effects of Pretrial Publicity......Page 230
Box 7.4: The case of Timothy McVeigh: Data on the prejudicial effects of massive pretrial publicity......Page 233
Remedies for the Effects of Pretrial Publicity......Page 235
Change-of-Venue Surveys......Page 236
Summary......Page 237
Key Terms......Page 238
8. Forensic Assessment in Criminal Cases: Competence and Insanity......Page 239
The Scope of Forensic Psychology......Page 241
Adjudicative Competence......Page 242
Box 8.1: The case of Jamie Sullivan: Assessing competence......Page 245
Raising the Issue of Competence......Page 246
Evaluating Competence......Page 247
Results of Competence Evaluations......Page 251
Amnesia and Competence to Stand Trial......Page 252
Other Competence Issues......Page 253
The Insanity Defense......Page 255
The M\'Naghten Rule: An Early Attempt to Define Insanity......Page 257
The Brawner Rule, Stemming from the Model Penal Code......Page 258
Famous Trials and the Use of the Insanity Plea......Page 260
Box 8.3: The case of John W. Hinckley Jr. and the attempted assassination of President Reagan......Page 264
Facts about the Insanity Plea......Page 265
Current Criticisms of the Insanity Defense......Page 268
Revisions and Reforms of the Insanity Defense......Page 270
Summary......Page 273
Key Terms......Page 274
9. Forensic Assessment in Civil Cases......Page 275
Box 9.1: The Judas Priest trial: Expert opinion or junk science?......Page 277
Experts in the Adversarial System......Page 278
Psychological Damages to Civil Plaintiffs......Page 280
Box 9.2: The case of \"Lyle\" and the goosing salesmen: Psychological injury in the workplace......Page 282
Workers\' Compensation......Page 284
Civil Competencies......Page 288
Assessing Competence to Make Treatment Decisions......Page 289
Assessing Competence to Execute a Will......Page 290
Psychological Autopsies......Page 291
Box 9.3: The case of the U.S.S. Iowa......Page 292
Child Custody and Parental Fitness......Page 293
Box 9.4: The case of Ciesluk v. Ciesluk: Can a custodial parent move away?......Page 296
Civil Commitment and Risk Assessment......Page 297
Four Types of Commitment Procedures......Page 298
Difficulties in Assessing Dangerousness......Page 299
Summary......Page 302
Key Terms......Page 303
10. The Trial Process......Page 304
What Is the Purpose of a Trial?......Page 305
The Trial as a Test of Credibility......Page 307
The Trial as a Conflict-Resolving Ritual......Page 308
The Trial......Page 309
Sentencing......Page 311
Judges\' Decisions versus Juries\' Decisions......Page 312
Determinants of Discrepancies......Page 314
Jury Sentiments......Page 315
A Critique of the Kalven and Zeisel Study......Page 316
A New Look at Judge/Jury Differences......Page 317
Jury Nullification......Page 319
Empirical Evidence Concerning Jury Nullification......Page 321
Jury Nullification and Racial Considerations......Page 322
Box 10.3: The case of Byron de la Beckwith: Jury nullification and race......Page 323
Some Final Thoughts on Jury Nullification......Page 324
Summary......Page 325
Key Terms......Page 326
11. Jury Trials I: Jury Representativeness and Selection......Page 327
Drawing a Panel, or Venire......Page 328
Judicial and Legislative Reforms......Page 329
Devices Used for Drawing a Pool......Page 331
Exclusions, Nonresponses, and Exemptions: Threats to Representativeness?......Page 332
Voir Dire: A Reasonable Process with Unreasonable Outcomes?......Page 334
Challenges for Cause and Peremptory Challenges......Page 335
Box 11.2: The case of Dianna Brandborg: The juror who would not to talk......Page 336
The Batson Decision: No Exclusion on Account of Race......Page 337
Peremptory Challenges and Other Juror Characteristics......Page 338
Box 11.3: The case of Thomas Miller-El and the difficulty of proving racial bias in jury selection......Page 339
Box 11.4: The case of J. E. B. v. ex rel. T. B.: Whose child is this and who gets to decide?......Page 340
Lawyers\' Theories: Stereotypes in Search of Success......Page 341
Demographic Characteristics of Jurors......Page 342
Personality Characteristics of Jurors......Page 344
\"Scientific Jury Selection\": Does It Work Any Better?......Page 347
Lawyers, Psychologists, and Ethics: Problems with Jury Selection......Page 349
Key Terms......Page 352
12. Jury Trials II: Concerns and Reforms......Page 353
Box 12.1: The case of the Exxon Valdez and the \"excessive\" damage award......Page 356
Concern about the Effects of Extralegal Information......Page 357
Impact of Extralegal Information in Criminal Cases......Page 358
Impact of Extralegal Information in Civil Cases......Page 360
Instructions to Disregard Inadmissible Evidence: How Effective?......Page 363
Concern about the Effects of Expert Testimony......Page 365
Box 12.3: The case of Alexander Pring-Wilson, his expert witness, and the issue of a concussion......Page 366
Concern about Jurors\' Abilities to Understand and Apply Their Instructions......Page 367
Concern about Jurors\' Abilities to Decide Complex Cases......Page 370
The Assumption of a Blank Slate......Page 372
Inevitability of Juror Bias......Page 373
Jurors\' Inferences and the Stories They Tell......Page 376
Jury Reform......Page 377
The Jury: Should It Be Venerated or Vilified? Revered or Reviled?......Page 380
Key Terms......Page 381
13. Psychology of Victims......Page 382
Types of Victims......Page 383
Is Violence Inherited?......Page 386
Violent Victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder......Page 387
Box 13.1: The case of Jim: Posttraumatic stress disorder......Page 388
Battered Spouses......Page 389
The Psychology of Rape......Page 394
Responding to Rape Victims......Page 397
Legislation and Court Decisions......Page 401
Preventing Rape......Page 404
Sexual Harassment......Page 407
Prevalence Rapes......Page 408
Defining Sexual Harassment......Page 409
Box 13.2: The case of Teresa Harris: Sexual harassment on the job......Page 412
Applying Psychological Knowledge to Detecting Harassment......Page 413
Offenders as Victims......Page 414
Key Terms......Page 415
14. Children, Adolescents, and the Law......Page 416
The Juvenile Justice System......Page 417
Juveniles\' Due Process Rights......Page 419
The Adjudicative Competence of Juveniles......Page 424
Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders: The Death Penalty for Teens?......Page 420
The Miranda Capacities of Juvenile Defendants......Page 422
Child Maltreatment, the Cycle of Abuse, and Abuse Prevention......Page 425
Children as Witnesses......Page 427
Children as Witnesses in Child Sexual Abuse Cases......Page 428
The Effects of Suggestive Questioning......Page 430
Box 14.2: The case of Margaret Kelly Michaels: Real or surreal memories?......Page 431
Is Suggestive Questioning Necessary?......Page 433
The Child Witness in the Courtroom......Page 434
Procedural Modifications When Children Are Witnesses......Page 435
Juveniles\' Right to Self-determination......Page 437
Children in Nontraditional Families......Page 439
Box 14.3: The case of Bottoms v. Bottoms: Children of gays and lesbians......Page 441
Summary......Page 442
Key Terms......Page 443
15. Punishment, Sentencing, and Corrections......Page 444
Crime Control and the Purposes of Punishment......Page 445
Sentencing: Difficult Choices......Page 447
Discretion Justified as a Value......Page 448
Box 15.1: The case of Curtis Lee Robin and his 30 nights in the doghouse......Page 450
Sentencing Disparity and the Quest for Equal Treatment......Page 451
Determinants of Sentencing: Relevant and Irrelevant......Page 452
The Sentencing of Sex Offenders......Page 454
Registration and Notification......Page 455
Involuntary Commitment......Page 456
Box 15.2: The case of Leroy Hendricks: Lock \'em up and throw away the key?......Page 457
Sex Offender Treatments......Page 458
The Death Penalty: The Ultimate Punishment......Page 459
The Question of Innocence......Page 460
Justifications for the Death Penalty......Page 461
Equality versus Discretion in Application of the Death Penalty......Page 462
Capital Jury Decision Making......Page 463
Box 15.4: The case of Warren McClesky: Does race matter?......Page 464
Mental Retardation......Page 466
Voluntary Executions......Page 467
Psychologists\' Role in Capital Cases......Page 468
The Rights of Prisoners......Page 469
Cruel and Unusual Punishment......Page 470
Religious Rights......Page 473
Summary......Page 474
Key Terms......Page 475
Glossary......Page 476
References......Page 488
Photo Credits......Page 530
Name Index......Page 531
Subject Index......Page 544