World Lexicon of Grammaticalization

052180339X......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 11
1 Introduction......Page 15
1.1 Grammaticalization Theory......Page 16
1.2 Problems......Page 19
1.3 Conventions......Page 27
2 Grammatical Concepts Used in This Work......Page 29
ABILITY > (1) PERMISSIVE......Page 41
ABILITY > (2) POSSIBILITY......Page 42
ABLATIVE > (1) AGENT......Page 43
ABLATIVE > (2) COMPARATIVE......Page 44
ABLATIVE > (3) MATERIAL......Page 45
ABLATIVE > (4) PARTITIVE......Page 46
ABLATIVE > (5) NEAR PAST......Page 47
ABLATIVE > (6) A - POSSESSIVE......Page 48
ABLATIVE > (7) SINCE (TEMPORAL)......Page 49
ALL > (2) SUPERLATIVE......Page 50
ALLATIVE > (2) DATIVE......Page 51
ALLATIVE > (4) PATIENT......Page 52
ALLATIVE > (5) PURPOSE......Page 53
ALLATIVE > (6) TEMPORAL......Page 54
ALONE > ONLY......Page 55
VP-AND > SUBORDINATOR......Page 57
AREA ('area', 'region') > LOCATIVE......Page 58
ARRIVE ('arrive at', 'reach') > (2) ALLATIVE......Page 59
BACK (body part) > (1) AFTER......Page 60
BACK (body part) > (2) BEHIND......Page 61
BACK (body part) > (4) EARLIER......Page 62
BACK (body part) > (5) THEN......Page 63
BAD ('bad', 'terrible') > INTENSIFIER......Page 64
BEGIN ('begin', 'start') > (2) FIRST (TEMPORAL)......Page 65
BEHIND (SPATIAL) > AFTER......Page 66
BELLY ('belly', 'stomach') > (1) IN (SPATIAL)......Page 67
BENEFACTIVE > (2) A-POSSESSIVE......Page 68
BENEFACTIVE > (3) PURPOSE......Page 69
BODY > (2) MIDDLE......Page 71
BODY > (4) REFLEXIVE......Page 72
BOTTOM > DOWN (SPATIAL)......Page 74
BOWELS ('bowels', 'guts', 'intestines') > IN (SPATIAL)......Page 75
BUTTOCKS > (1) BEHIND......Page 76
CENTER ('center', 'middle') > (1) BETWEEN......Page 77
CHANGE-OF-STATE ('become') > (2) FUTURE......Page 78
CHILD > (2) DIMINUTIVE......Page 79
CIRCLE > AROUND (SPATIAL)......Page 81
COME > (1) CONSECUTIVE......Page 82
COME > (3) HORTATIVE......Page 83
COME > (4)  VENITIVE......Page 84
COME FROM > (1) ABLATIVE (LOCATIVE, TEMPORAL)......Page 85
COME FROM > (2) NEAR PAST......Page 86
COME TO > (1) BENEFACTIVE......Page 87
COME TO > (2) CHANGE-OF-STATE......Page 88
COME TO > (3) FUTURE......Page 89
COME TO > (5) PURPOSE......Page 92
COMITATIVE > (1) AGENT......Page 93
COMITATIVE >(2) NP-AND......Page 94
COMITATIVE > (3) S-AND......Page 96
COMITATIVE > (4) CONTINUOUS......Page 97
COMITATIVE > (6) INSTRUMENT......Page 98
COMITATIVE > (7) MANNER......Page 101
COMITATIVE > (9) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 102
COMITATIVE > (10) TEMPORAL......Page 103
COMPARATIVE (+ NEGATION) > NO LONGER......Page 104
COMRADE > (1) COMITATIVE......Page 105
COMRADE > (2) RECIPROCAL......Page 106
CONTINUOUS > (2) PRESENT......Page 107
COPULA > (2) CONDITIONAL......Page 108
COPULA > (4) FOCUS......Page 109
COPULA > (5) FUTURE......Page 110
COPULA, LOCATIVE > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 111
COPULA, LOCATIVE > (3) EXIST......Page 113
COPULA, LOCATIVE > (4) LOCATIVE......Page 114
COPULA, LOCATIVE > (5) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 115
CROSS ('to cross') > ACROSS......Page 116
DATIVE > (3) A-POSSESSIVE......Page 117
DATIVE > (5) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 119
DEMONSTRATIVE > (1) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 120
DEMONSTRATIVE > (2) CONJUNCTION......Page 121
DEMONSTRATIVE > (3) COPULA......Page 122
DEMONSTRATIVE > (4) DEFINITE......Page 123
DEMONSTRATIVE > (5) FOCUS......Page 125
DEMONSTRATIVE > (6) THIRD PERS-PRON......Page 126
DEMONSTRATIVE > (7) RELATIVE......Page 127
DEMONSTRATIVE > (8) SUBORDINATOR......Page 129
DEONTIC MODALITY > (2) FUTURE......Page 130
DO ('to do, 'to make') > (1) CAUSATIVE......Page 131
DO ('to do, 'to make') > (2) CONTINUOUS......Page 132
DO ('to do, 'to make') > (5) PRO-VERB......Page 133
DUAL > NP-AND......Page 134
EARTH ('earth', 'soil', 'land', 'ground') > DOWN......Page 135
ENVIRONS ('environs', 'vicinity') > AROUND (SPATIAL)......Page 136
EXCEED ('to exceed', 'to defeat', 'to surpass') > (1) COMPARATIVE......Page 137
EXCEED ('to exceed', 'to defeat', 'to surpass') > (2) ELATIVE......Page 140
EXIST > (2) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 141
EYE (body part) > (1) BEFORE......Page 142
EYE (body part) > (2) FRONT......Page 143
FACE (body part) > (1) FRONT......Page 144
FACE (body part) > (2) UP......Page 145
FAIL ('to fail', 'to lack', 'to miss') > AVERTIVE......Page 146
FIELD > CUT......Page 147
FINISH ('to finish', 'to complete', 'to end') > (3) COMPLETIVE......Page 148
FINISH ('to finish', 'to complete', 'to end') > (4) CONSECUTIVE......Page 151
FIRST (TEMPORAL) BEFORE......Page 152
FOLLOW (3) COMITATIVE......Page 153
FOOT > DOWN......Page 154
FRONT > (1) BEFORE......Page 155
FUTURE > EPISTEMIC MODALITY......Page 156
GET ('to get', 'to receive', 'to obtain') > (1) ABILITY......Page 157
GET ('to get', 'to receive', 'to obtain') > (2) CHANGE-OF-STATE......Page 158
GET ('to get', 'to receive', 'to obtain') > (4) PASSIVE......Page 159
GET ('to get', 'to receive', 'to obtain') > (6) PERMISSIVE......Page 161
GET ('to get', 'to receive', 'to obtain') > (8) POSSIBILITY......Page 162
GIVE > (1) BENEFACTIVE......Page 163
GIVE > (2) CAUSATIVE......Page 166
GIVE > (4) DATIVE......Page 167
GIVE > (5) PURPOSE......Page 168
GO > (1) ANDATIVE......Page 169
GO > (3) CONSECUTIVE......Page 170
GO > (4) CONTINUOUS......Page 171
GO > (7) HORTATIVE......Page 173
GO TO > (1) ALLATIVE......Page 174
GO TO > (2) FUTURE......Page 175
GO TO > (3) PURPOSE......Page 177
HAND (body part) > (1) AGENT......Page 179
HAND (body part) > (4) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 180
HEAD (body part) > (1) FRONT......Page 181
HEAD (body part) > (4) REFLEXIVE......Page 182
HEAD (body part) > (5) UP......Page 183
HERE > (1) CAUSE......Page 185
HERE > (2) DEMONSTRATIVE......Page 186
HERE > (3) PERS-PRON......Page 187
HOME ('home', 'homestead') > (1) LOCATIVE......Page 188
HOME ('home', 'homestead') > (2) A-POSSESSIVE......Page 189
HOUSE > LOCATIVE......Page 190
HOW? (W-QUESTION) > (2) SIMILE......Page 191
IN (SPATIAL) > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 192
IN (SPATIAL) > (2) TEMPORAL......Page 193
INSTRUMENT > (2) MANNER......Page 194
INTENSIVE-REFL > (1) EVEN......Page 195
INTERIOR > (1) IN (SPATIAL)......Page 196
ITERATIVE > (1) HABITUAL......Page 197
KEEP ('to keep (on)', 'to hold') > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 198
KEEP ('to keep (on)', 'to hold') > (2) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 199
KNOW > (2) HABITUAL......Page 200
LEAVE ('to leave', 'to abandon', 'to let') > (1) ABLATIVE......Page 202
LEAVE ('to leave', 'to abandon', 'to let') > (2) COMPLETIVE......Page 203
LEAVE ('to leave', 'to abandon', 'to exit') > (4) HORTATIVE......Page 204
LEAVE ('to leave', 'to abandon', 'to let') > (5) NEGATION......Page 206
LIE ('to lie (down)') > CONTINUOUS......Page 207
LIMIT ('limit', 'boundary') > UNTIL......Page 208
LIP (body part) > LOCATIVE......Page 209
LIVE ('to live', 'to be alive', 'to stay') > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 210
LIVE ('to live', 'to be alive', 'to stay') > (2) HABITUAL......Page 211
LIVER (body part) > LOCATIVE......Page 212
LOCATIVE > (1) AGENT......Page 213
LOCATIVE > (2) CAUSE......Page 214
LOCATIVE > (4) CONCERN......Page 215
LOCATIVE > (5) CONTINUOUS......Page 216
LOCATIVE > (6) EXIST......Page 217
LOCATIVE > (8) A-POSSESSIVE......Page 218
LOCATIVE > (11) TEMPORAL......Page 219
LOVE ('to love', 'to like') > (3) INTENTION......Page 220
MAN ('man', 'male', 'person') > (1) CLASSIFIER......Page 221
MAN ('man', 'male', 'person') > (3) INDEFINITE PRONOUN......Page 222
MAN ('man', 'male', 'person') > (5) THIRD PERS-PRON......Page 223
MATTER > (1) CAUSE......Page 224
MATTER > (2) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 225
MATTER > (3) PURPOSE......Page 226
MOTHER > FEMALE......Page 227
NEAR ('near', 'close to') > (2) AVERTIVE, PROXIMATIVE......Page 228
NEED > OBLIGATION......Page 229
NEGATION > S-QUESTION......Page 230
NEGATION, EXIST ('there is not') > NO, NEGATION......Page 231
OBLIGATION > (2) PROBABILITY......Page 232
ONE (NUMERAL) > (1) ALONE......Page 233
ONE (NUMERAL) > (2) INDEFINITE......Page 234
ONE (NUMERAL) > (3) INDEFINITE PRONOUN......Page 235
ONE (NUMERAL) > (4) ONLY......Page 236
ONE (NUMERAL) > (7) SINGULATIVE......Page 237
ONE (NUMERAL) > (8) SOME......Page 238
ONE (NUMERAL) > (9) TOGETHER......Page 239
OR > S-QUESTION......Page 240
OWNER > INTENSIVE-REFL......Page 241
PASS ('to pass (by)', 'to pass through') > (1) AFTER......Page 242
PASS ('to pass (by)', 'to pass through') > (2) COMPARATIVE......Page 243
PEOPLE > PLURAL......Page 244
PERFECT > (2) PERFECTIVE......Page 245
PERSON (human being) > (1) INDEFINITE PRONOUN......Page 246
PERSON (human being) > (2) PERS-PRON, FIRST PLURAL......Page 247
PERS-PRON, THIRD > (1) AGREEMENT......Page 248
PERS-PRON, THIRD PLURAL > (1) IMPERSONAL......Page 249
PERS-PRON, THIRD PLURAL > (2) PASSIVE......Page 250
PERS-PRON, THIRD PLURAL > (3) PLURAL......Page 251
PIECE > CLASSIFIER......Page 252
PLACE > (2) INSTEAD......Page 253
PLACE > (3) LOCATIVE......Page 254
H-POSSESSIVE > (1) EXIST......Page 255
H-POSSESSIVE > (2) FUTURE......Page 256
H-POSSESSIVE > (3) OBLIGATION......Page 257
PROPERTY ('property', 'possession') > A-POSSESSIVE......Page 259
PURPOSE > (1) CAUSE......Page 260
PURPOSE > (2) INFINITIVE......Page 261
PUT > COMPLETIVE......Page 262
W-QUESTION > (1) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 263
W-QUESTION > (2) INDEFINITE PRONOUN......Page 264
W-QUESTION > (3) RELATIVE......Page 265
REFLEXIVE > (2) MIDDLE......Page 266
REFLEXIVE > (3) PASSIVE......Page 267
REMAIN > (1) DURATIVE......Page 268
REMAIN ('to remain', 'to stay') > (2) HABITUAL......Page 269
RESEMBLE ('to resemble', 'to be like') > (1) COMPARATIVE......Page 270
RESEMBLE ('to resemble', 'to be like') > (2) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 271
RESEMBLE ('to resemble', 'to be like') > (3) SIMILE......Page 272
RETURN ('to return', 'to go back (to)') > ITERATIVE......Page 273
SAY > (2) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 275
SAY > (5) PURPOSE......Page 279
SAY > (6) QUOTATIVE......Page 281
SAY > (7) SIMILE......Page 282
SEE > (1) ALLATIVE......Page 283
SHOULDER > UP......Page 284
SIDE > (1) BESIDE......Page 285
SIDE > (3) NEAR......Page 286
SIMILE > (1) COMPLEMENTIZER......Page 287
SIMILE > (2) QUOTATIVE......Page 288
SINCE (TEMPORAL) > CAUSE......Page 289
SIT ('to sit', 'to stay') > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 290
SIT ('to sit', 'to stay') > (3) HABITUAL......Page 292
SKY > UP......Page 293
STAND > (1) CONTINUOUS......Page 294
STAND > (2) COPULA......Page 296
STOP > PROHIBITIVE......Page 297
SUITABLE ('to be sufficient, enough', 'to be fitting', 'to be suitable') > (1) ABILITY......Page 298
SUITABLE ('to be sufficient, enough', 'to be fitting', 'to be suitable') > (2) OBLIGATION......Page 299
TAKE ('to take', 'to seize') > (1) CAUSATIVE......Page 300
TAKE ('to take', 'to seize') > (3) COMPLETIVE......Page 301
TAKE ('to take', 'to seize') > (5) INSTRUMENT......Page 302
TAKE ('to take', 'to seize') > (6) PATIENT......Page 303
TAKE ('to take', 'to seize') > (7) H-POSSESSIVE......Page 304
TEMPORAL > (2) CAUSE......Page 305
TEMPORAL > (3) CONCESSIVE......Page 306
THEN > FUTURE......Page 307
THERE > DEMONSTRATIVE......Page 308
THING > (2) INDEFINITE PRONOUN......Page 309
THING > (3) A-POSSESSIVE......Page 310
THROW ('to throw (away)') > PERFECT......Page 311
TIME > TEMPORAL......Page 312
TOP > UP......Page 313
TRACE ('trace', 'track') > (2) BEHIND......Page 314
TREE > CLASSIFIER......Page 315
TWO (NUMERAL) > (1) DUAL......Page 316
TWO (NUMERAL) > (2) NP-AND......Page 317
UNTIL ('until', 'up tp') > EQUATIVE COMPARATIVE......Page 318
UP > (2) COMPARATIVE......Page 319
UP > (3) CONCERN......Page 321
VENITIVE > FUTURE......Page 322
WANT (PAST) > (1) AVERTIVE......Page 323
WANT ('want', 'wish', 'desire') > (2) FUTURE......Page 324
WANT ('want', 'like', 'love', 'desire') > (3) PROXIMATIVE......Page 325
WOMAN ('woman', ' wife') > (1) CLASSIFIER......Page 327
WOMAN ('woman', ' wife') > (2) FEMALE......Page 328
YESTERDAY > PAST......Page 329
Source–Target List......Page 331
Target–Source List......Page 341
A List of Languages......Page 351
References......Page 365