World Development Indicators 2011

Table of Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Partners......Page 15
Users guide......Page 25
1. WORLD VIEW......Page 27
1a Use of World Bank data has risen with the launch of the Open Data Initiative......Page 28
1.1 Size of the economy......Page 37
1.2 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and saving lives......Page 41
1.3 Millennium Development Goals: protecting our common environment......Page 45
1.4 Millennium Development Goals: overcoming obstacles......Page 49
1.5 Women in development......Page 51
1.6 Key indicators for other economies......Page 55
1b Terms of use for World Bank data......Page 29
1c Access to information at the World Bank......Page 30
1f Progress toward gender parity......Page 31
1i HIV incidence is remaining stable or decreasing in many developing countries, but many lack data......Page 32
1k Progress on access to improved sanitation......Page 33
1l Official development assistance provided by Development Assistance Committee members......Page 34
1.2a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 1–4......Page 44
1.3a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goals 5–7......Page 48
1.4a Location of indicators for Millennium Development Goal 8......Page 50
2. PEOPLE......Page 57
2b Maternal mortality ratios have declined fastest among low- and lower middle-income countries but remain high......Page 58
2.1 Population dynamics......Page 63
2.2 Labor force structure......Page 67
2.3 Employment by economic activity......Page 71
2.4 Decent work and productive employment......Page 75
2.5 Unemployment......Page 79
2.6 Children at work......Page 83
2.7 Poverty rates at national poverty lines......Page 87
2.8 Poverty rates at international poverty lines......Page 90
2.9 Distribution of income or consumption......Page 95
2.10 Assessing vulnerability and security......Page 99
2.11 Education inputs......Page 103
2.12 Participation in education......Page 107
2.13 Education efficiency......Page 111
2.14 Education completion and outcomes......Page 115
2.15 Education gaps by income and gender......Page 119
2.16 Health systems......Page 121
2.17 Health information......Page 125
2.18 Disease prevention coverage and quality......Page 129
2.19 Reproductive health......Page 133
2.20 Nutrition......Page 137
2.21 Health risk factors and future challenges......Page 141
2.22 Mortality......Page 145
2c The births of many children in Asia and Africa go unregistered......Page 59
2f … and where the mother has a lower education level......Page 60
2h More countries used surveys for mortality statistics, but civil registration did not expand......Page 61
2i Estimates of infant mortality in the Philippines differ by source......Page 62
2.6a The largest sector for child labor remains agriculture, and the majority of children work as unpaid family members......Page 86
2.8b Poverty rates have begun to fall......Page 92
2.8c Regional poverty estimates......Page 93
2.13a There are more overage children among the poor in primary school in Zambia......Page 114
2.17a South Asia has the highest number of unregistered births......Page 128
3. ENVIRONMENT......Page 149
Introduction......Page 150
3.1 Rural population and land use......Page 153
3.2 Agricultural inputs......Page 157
3.3 Agricultural output and productivity......Page 161
3.4 Deforestation and biodiversity......Page 165
3.5 Freshwater......Page 169
3.6 Water pollution......Page 173
3.7 Energy production and use......Page 177
3.8 Energy dependency and efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions......Page 181
3.9 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions......Page 185
3.10 Sources of electricity......Page 189
3.11 Urbanization......Page 193
3.12 Urban housing conditions......Page 197
3.13 Traffic and congestion......Page 201
3.14 Air pollution......Page 205
3.15 Government commitment......Page 207
3.16 Contribution of natural resources to gross domestic product......Page 211
3b Countries with negative adjusted net savings are depleting natural capital without replacing it and are becoming poorer......Page 151
3.1a What is rural? Urban?......Page 156
3.2b Rainfed agriculture plays a significant role in Sub-Saharan agriculture where about 95 percent of cropland depends on precipitation, 2008......Page 160
3.3b Cereal yield in Sub-Saharan Africa increased between 1990 and 2009 but still is the lowest among the regions......Page 164
3.4a At least 33 percent of assessed species are estimated to be threatened......Page 168
3.5b . . . and approaching 90 percent in some developing regions......Page 172
3.6a Emissions of organic water pollutants vary among countries from 1990 to 2007......Page 176
3.7b Fossil fuels are still the primary global energy source in 2008......Page 180
3.8a High-income economies depend on imported energy......Page 184
3.9b The five largest contributors to nitrous oxide emissions account for about 50 percent of emissions......Page 188
3.10b Lower middle-income countries produce the majority of their power from coal......Page 192
3.11b Latin America and Caribbean has the greatest share of urban population, even greater than the high-income economies in 2009......Page 196
3.12a Selected housing indicators for smaller economies......Page 200
3.13b . . . but the United States consumes the most biogasoline......Page 204
3.16b Upper middle-income countries have the highest contribution of natural resources to GDP......Page 214
4. ECONOMY......Page 215
4b Developing countries are contributing more to global growth......Page 216
4.a Recent economic performance......Page 219
4.1 Growth of output......Page 221
4.2 Structure of output......Page 225
4.3 Structure of manufacturing......Page 229
4.4 Structure of merchandise exports......Page 233
4.5 Structure of merchandise imports......Page 237
4.6 Structure of service exports......Page 241
4.7 Structure of service imports......Page 245
4.8 Structure of demand......Page 249
4.9 Growth of consumption and investment......Page 253
4.10 Toward a broader measure of national income......Page 257
4.11 Toward a broader measure of saving......Page 261
4.12 Central government finances......Page 265
4.13 Central government expenses......Page 269
4.14 Central government revenues......Page 273
4.15 Monetary indicators......Page 277
4.16 Exchange rates and prices......Page 281
4.17 Balance of payments current account......Page 285
4f Revised data for Ghana show a larger share of services in GDP......Page 217
4g Commission on the Measurement of Economic and Social Progress......Page 218
4.3a Manufacturing continues to show strong growth in East Asia and Pacific through 2009......Page 232
4.4a Developing economies’ share of world merchandise exports continues to expand......Page 236
4.5a Top 10 developing economy exporters of merchandise goods in 2009......Page 240
4.6a Top 10 developing economy exporters of commercial services in 2009......Page 244
4.7a The mix of commercial service imports by developing economies is changing......Page 248
4.9a GDP per capita is still lagging in some regions......Page 256
4.10a GDP and adjusted net national income in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–09......Page 260
4.12a Twenty selected economies had a central government debt to GDP ratio of 65 percent or higher......Page 268
4.13a Interest payments are a large part of government expenses for some developing economies......Page 272
4.14a Rich economies rely more on direct taxes......Page 276
4.17a Top 15 economies with the largest reserves in 2009......Page 288
5. STATES AND MARKETS......Page 289
Introduction......Page 290
5.1 Private sector in the economy......Page 293
5.2 Business environment: Enterprise Surveys......Page 297
5.3 Business environment: Doing Business indicators......Page 301
5.4 Stock markets......Page 305
5.5 Financial access, stability, and efficiency......Page 309
5.6 Tax policies......Page 313
5.7 Military expenditures and arms transfers......Page 317
5.8 Fragile situations......Page 321
5.9 Public policies and institutions......Page 325
5.10 Transport services......Page 329
5.11 Power and communications......Page 333
5.12 The information age......Page 337
5.13 Science and technology......Page 341
5b Firms in East Asia and the Pacific have the lowest business tax rate, 2010......Page 291
5d People living in developing countries of East Asia and Pacific have more commercial bank accounts than those in other developing country regions, 2009......Page 292
6. GLOBAL LINKS......Page 345
Introduction......Page 346
6.1 Integration with the global economy......Page 351
6.2 Growth of merchandise trade......Page 355
6.3 Direction and growth of merchandise trade......Page 359
6.4 High-income economy trade with low- and middle-income economies......Page 362
6.5 Direction of trade of developing economies......Page 365
6.6 Primary commodity prices......Page 368
6.7 Regional trade blocs......Page 371
6.8 Tariff barriers......Page 375
6.9 Trade facilitation......Page 379
6.10 External debt......Page 383
6.11 Ratios for external debt......Page 387
6.12 Global private financial flows......Page 391
6.13 Net official financial flows......Page 395
6.14 Financial flows from Development Assistance Committee members......Page 399
6.15 Allocation of bilateral aid from Development Assistance Committee members......Page 401
6.16 Aid dependency......Page 403
6.17 Distribution of net aid by Development Assistance Committee members......Page 407
6.18 Movement of people across borders......Page 411
6.19 Travel and tourism......Page 415
6b Trade in professional services faces the highest barriers......Page 347
6c Discrepancies persist in measures of FDI net flows......Page 348
6d Source of data on FDI......Page 349
6g The ratio of central government debt to GDP has increased for most economies, 2007–10......Page 350
6.3a More than half of the world’s merchandise trade takes place between high-income economies. But low- and middle-income economies’ participation in the global trade has increased in the past 15 years......Page 361
6.4a Low-income economies have a small market share in the global market of various commodities......Page 364
6.5a Developing economies are trading more with other developing economies......Page 367
6.6a Primary commodity prices soared again in 2010......Page 370
6.7a Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database......Page 374
6.11a Ratio of debt services to exports for middle-income economies have sharply increased in 2009 as export revenues declined......Page 390
6.16a Official development assistance from non-DAC donors, 2005–09......Page 406
6.17a Beyond the DAC: The role of other providers of development assistance......Page 410
Primary data documentation......Page 420
Statistical methods......Page 431
Credits......Page 433
Bibliography......Page 435
Index of indicators......Page 445