Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East (The Contemporary Middle East)

Front Cover 0521629039......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Workers, peasants, subalterns, classes......Page 2
Copyright
......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Tables......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Glossary......Page 12
Acronyms and abbreviations......Page 15
The Ottoman Empire, 1699–1914......Page 17
Egypt and Bilad al-Sham......Page 18
The Middle East in the Twentieth Century......Page 19
Introduction......Page 20
Where is the Middle East?......Page 24
Orientalism and its critics......Page 25
Political economy......Page 26
What is modernity?......Page 27
When does the modern era in the Middle East begin?......Page 28
Peasants and agrarian production......Page 31
Artisans, guilds, and workers......Page 35
Trajectory of the book......Page 38
1: The world capitalist market, provincial regimes, and local producers, 1750–1839......Page 40
Egypt: the peasants and the pasha......Page 43
Lebanon: peasants and the emergence of communal politics......Page 46
Mount Nablus: peasants and merchants......Page 51
Peasants and state formation in the Ottoman provinces......Page 53
Artisanal production in major cities......Page 54
Nablus: soap making in a regional town......Page 55
Guilds and urban politics......Page 56
Urban social structure and income distribution......Page 57
Towards industrialization?......Page 58
2: Ottoman reform and European imperialism, 1839–1907......Page 63
Sectarian conflict and economic competition in greater Syria......Page 66
Commercial agriculture, large estates, and peasant family farms......Page 68
Late-developing serfdom in Wallachia and Moldavia......Page 69
The 1858 land laws......Page 70
Cotton and the formation of large estates in Egypt and Cukurova......Page 71
Coexistence of peasant family farms and large estates in Anatolia, Rumelia, greater Syria, and Iraq......Page 73
Peasants and French colonialism in North Africa......Page 75
Rural rebellion, religion, and nationalism in the Balkans......Page 76
The 'Urabi revolt in Egypt......Page 77
Radical peasant movements in greater Syria......Page 78
Craft production, mechanized industry, and the gender division of labor......Page 81
Militant textile journeymen and women's work in Damascus......Page 82
Silk reeling and working women in Mount Lebanon......Page 83
The Suez Canal: labor relations in a site of "modernity"......Page 84
Mechanized industry and the industrial working classes......Page 86
3: The rise of mass politics, 1908–1939......Page 90
From rabble to citizens of the nation......Page 92
Urban workers and the 1908 Young Turk Revolution......Page 96
Nationalism and an Egyptian working class......Page 99
World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the end of the Ottoman Empire......Page 100
Socialism and the formation of the Turkish republic......Page 103
Peasant rebellion and labor upsurge in Egypt......Page 105
Peasants, Druze communalism, and Syrian nationalism......Page 109
Shi'a peasant rebellion and the formation of Iraq......Page 111
Islamic revivalism, peasant revolt, and Palestinian nationalism......Page 112
4: Fikri al-Khuli’s journey to al-Mahalla al-Kubra......Page 118
The Misr Spinning and Weaving Company......Page 121
Peasants, workers, Egyptians......Page 122
The prince and the workers......Page 125
Labor, capital, and the nationalist movement......Page 126
A simulacrum of modernity?......Page 127
The pedagogy of modernity......Page 129
5: Populist nationalism, state-led development, and authoritarian regimes, 1939–1973......Page 133
Depression and world war: the beginnings of state-led industrial development and the growth of urban working classes......Page 134
The peasant question......Page 136
Egypt: landed power and political paralysis......Page 137
Iraq: tribal shaykhs, political elites, and rural poverty......Page 138
Syria: large landlords and peasant politics......Page 139
Algeria: colons and landless peasants......Page 140
Nationalism and urban social radicalism......Page 141
Palestine: Marxism and national conflict......Page 142
Egypt: the rise and limits of working-class radicalism......Page 145
Iraq: communism and the end of the monarchy......Page 147
Armed struggle in Algeria and Yemen......Page 149
Post-colonial, authoritarian-populist regimes......Page 150
Land reform in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Algeria......Page 151
The Kamshish Affair: agrarian reform in a culture of fear......Page 153
Tunisia: a brief "socialist experiment"......Page 155
Egypt: military defeat and labor resurgence......Page 156
Turkey: radicalization of the labor movement......Page 157
The demise of the left–nationalist/Marxist historical paradigm......Page 158
6: Post-populist reformation of the working class and peasantry......Page 161
The Washington consensus......Page 164
Urbanization and labor migration......Page 167
Table 6.2 Arab Labor Migration......Page 169
Women in the wage-labor force......Page 171
Structural adjustment, urban collective action, and state repression......Page 172
Tunisia: a new corporatist bargain......Page 173
Table 6.3 Strikes in Tunisia, 1970–77......Page 174
Egypt: an inconclusive outcome......Page 175
Turkey: class struggle and bourgeois victory......Page 178
Table 6.4 Strikes in Turkey, 1963–94......Page 180
The rollback of agrarian reform......Page 181
Results and prospects......Page 184
Notes......Page 189
References......Page 193
Index......Page 218