Word: A Cross-linguistic Typology

Cover......Page 1
Abstract......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 13
1 Word: a typological framework......Page 17
1 The tradition......Page 18
2 Doing without ‘word’......Page 19
3 What is a word?......Page 21
4.1 Word and lexeme......Page 22
4.2 Orthographic word......Page 23
4.3 Grammatical and phonological aspects......Page 25
5 Some suggested criteria......Page 26
6 Phonological word......Page 29
7 Grammatical word......Page 34
8 Clitics......Page 41
9 Relationship between grammatical and phonological words......Page 43
11 The social status of words......Page 48
12 Summary......Page 50
Appendix: Sample outline account of phonological word and grammatical word in Fijian......Page 51
References......Page 53
2 Typological parameters for the study of clitics, with special reference to Tariana......Page 58
1 Parameters for clitics......Page 59
2.1 Typological properties of Tariana......Page 73
2.2 Phonological word in Tariana......Page 74
2.3 Grammatical word in Tariana......Page 75
2.4 Clitics in Tariana......Page 77
3 Summary: the status of clitics......Page 86
Appendix: Additional issues concerning clitics, and parameters suggested for distinguishing between clitics and affixes......Page 87
References......Page 91
2 The language......Page 95
3 A thumbnail typology......Page 96
5.1 The inflectional system......Page 97
5.3 The base as a criterion for wordhood......Page 100
5.5 Phrase within a word: a complication......Page 102
5.6 Summary......Page 104
6.1 Enclitic grammar......Page 105
6.2 Why not consider enclitics as grammatical suffixes?......Page 106
7.1 Prosodic criteria......Page 107
7.2 Segmental criteria......Page 110
7.3 Grammatical word with enclitics as phonological word domain......Page 111
7.4 The pause criterion......Page 112
8 Summary of grammatical-word–phonological-word mismatches......Page 113
References......Page 114
1 Introduction......Page 116
3 Phonological word......Page 117
3.1 Prosodically conditioned allomorphy......Page 118
3.2 Final vowels......Page 120
3.4 The Rabbit Talk play language......Page 121
3.5 Stress......Page 122
4 Criteria for grammatical word......Page 123
5 Clitics......Page 124
6.2 Two phonological words align with a single grammatical word......Page 128
6.3 Phonological word is misaligned with two grammatical words......Page 129
7.1 Types of evidence for complex word structure......Page 130
7.2 Discussion of complex predicate types......Page 135
References......Page 139
1 Introduction......Page 141
2 Phonological word......Page 143
3 Clause structure and verbal clauses......Page 145
4 Predicate structure......Page 146
4.1 Verbal reduplication......Page 149
4.2 Types of suffix......Page 150
4.3 Subtypes of auxiliary-taking suffixes......Page 153
4.4 Subtypes of normal suffixes......Page 154
4.5 The six echelons of morphological suffixes......Page 155
5 Grammatical word and predicate – general discussion......Page 156
6 The grammatical word in Jarawara......Page 159
6.1 Rejecting an alternative analysis......Page 161
7 Summary of instances where the two kinds of word do not correspond......Page 163
Appendix: List of miscellaneous, tense-modal and mood suffixes......Page 164
References......Page 168
1 Words and signs: on psychological and cultural validity......Page 169
2 Grammatical and phonological words in sign languages......Page 172
3.1 Compounds in sign languages......Page 177
3.2 Pronoun clitics in sign languages......Page 179
4.1 Simultaneous words......Page 183
4.2 The semiotics of signs......Page 185
References......Page 193
1.1 Incorporation......Page 196
1.2 Agglutination and fusion......Page 198
2 Grammatical words......Page 199
2.1 Words and prefixes in Dakotan and Dhegihan......Page 200
2.2 Missouri River Siouan affixal morphology......Page 205
2.3 Summary of synchronic questions......Page 207
3.1 Accent......Page 208
3.3 Phonological and grammatical congruity......Page 210
4 Enclitics......Page 211
4.1 Dakotan enclitics......Page 212
4.3 One word or two: enclitic or auxiliary?......Page 213
4.5 Controversial nature of Siouan enclitics......Page 214
5 Definitional problems......Page 215
5.1 Implications of linguistic change......Page 216
6 Speakers’ concept of ‘word’......Page 217
7 Conclusion......Page 218
References......Page 219
1 Phonological word......Page 221
1.2 Stress......Page 222
1.4 The word as domain for phonological rules......Page 224
1.5 The minimal word requirement in Dagbani......Page 227
2 Grammatical word......Page 228
2.1 Compounding......Page 229
2.2 Adjectival derivations......Page 231
3 Clitics......Page 232
3.1 Pronouns......Page 233
3.2 Pre-verbal markers......Page 234
3.3 Post-verbal emphasisers......Page 236
4 Relationship between grammatical and phonological word......Page 239
I The word for ‘word’ in Dagbani......Page 240
III The word in Dagbani orthography......Page 241
References......Page 242
1 Summary of the typology......Page 243
2.1 Basic criteria......Page 244
2.3 A single inflectional affix per word......Page 245
2.5 Complete utterance......Page 246
2.6 Circumfixes......Page 247
3.1 Stress......Page 248
3.2 Phonological processes and syllable structure......Page 249
4 Clitics......Page 252
References......Page 257
1 Introduction......Page 259
2.2 Range of clitic-like phenomena in Greek......Page 260
2.3 A quick typology of Modern Greek......Page 263
3 Various types of ‘word’ and relevant criteria and tests......Page 264
3.1 Phonological factors – segmental......Page 265
3.3 Morphophonemics......Page 266
3.4 A further segmental phenomenon......Page 271
3.5 Suprasegmental issues......Page 272
4 Summation regarding wordhood......Page 275
5 Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 279
1 Introduction......Page 282
2 The word as established in Latin......Page 283
3 How can general linguists help?......Page 287
4 ‘Clitics’......Page 292
5 Are units like words necessary?......Page 295
References......Page 296
Index of authors......Page 298
Index of languages and language families......Page 301
Index of subjects......Page 304