Women Philosophers from Non-western Traditions: The First Four Thousand Years

Series Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1 Beyond the Western Male Canon: A New Dawn for Philosophy?
	Abstract
	1.1 The Murky Western/Non-western Miasma
	1.2 Methodology
	1.3 Women Philosophers from Non-western Traditions
	1.4 Further Research
	1.5 Conclusions
Chapter 2 En Hedu’Anna of Mesopotamia   Circa 2300 BCE
	Abstract
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Mesopotamian Civilization at the Time of En Hedu’Anna
		2.1.2 The Temple Cities and the En
	2.2 Biography
	2.3 Surviving Works
		2.3.1 In Nin-me-hus-a
		2.3.2 In-Nin-Sa-gur-Ra
		2.3.3 Nin-ME-Sar-ra
		2.3.4 The Temple Hymns (TH)
	2.4 Philosophy of Religion
		2.4.1 Indigenous Religious Philosophy
		2.4.2 En Hedu’Anna and the Idea of a Supreme Being
	2.5 Cosmology
		2.5.1 Cosmology Before En Hedu’Anna
		2.5.2 En Hedu’Anna’s Contribution to Cosmology
			2.5.2.1 “Planet”
			2.5.2.2 The Concept “Constellation”
	2.6 Epistemology
	2.7 Ontology: The ME
		2.7.1 Being and Becoming
		2.7.2 Ontological Status of the ‘Ground Plan’ and Amulets
		2.7.3 Greater versus Lesser ME?
		2.7.4 The ME, The Real of the Ideal
			2.7.4.1 The ME in Indigenous Mesopotamian Thought
			2.7.4.2 En Hedu’Anna’s Adaptation of the ME
	2.8 Moral and Social Philosophy
		2.8.1 Mesopotamian View of Human Nature
			2.8.1.1 Gender
			2.8.1.2 Gender Fluidity
		2.8.2 En Hedu’Anna’s Compassionate View of Humanity
		2.8.3 Female Sexuality
		2.8.4 The Woman Philosopher
	2.9 Socio-political Philosophy
		2.9.1 Government Use of Force
		2.9.2 Government Corruption
		2.9.3 Positive Law as the Foundation of Procedural Justice
	2.10 Influence
		2.10.1 Scribal Academies
		2.10.2 Influence on Judaism
		2.10.3 Conceptualizing Astronomy
		2.10.4 Influence on Tamil Language
		2.10.5 Goddess Worship
	2.11 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3 Gārgī Vācaknavī of India  गार्गी वाचक्नवी  fl. Eighth Century BCE
	Abstract
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biography
	3.3 Philosophical Achievements
	3.4 Social-Political Background
		3.4.1 Vedas and Upaniṣads
		3.4.2 Caste, Gender, Sex
	3.5 Philosophic Significance of the Dialogue
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4 Maitreyī of India मैत्रेयी Circa 1100–500 BCE
	Abstract
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Biography
	4.3 Philosophical Achievement:
		4.3.1 Understanding Maitreyī’s Contribution
		4.3.2 Vedānta
		4.3.3 Social-Political Background: Four Stations of Life
	4.4 Philosophical Discourse
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Mahapajapati Gotami महाप्रजापती गौतमी Circa Sixth–Seventh Centuries BCE
	Abstract
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Biography
		5.2.1 Aspiration and Past Lives
		5.2.2 Final Life
	5.3 Ordination
		5.3.1 Argument for Ordination
		5.3.2 Primacy of Universal Buddhist Truth over Social Conventions
		5.3.3 Widowhood and the Spiritual Path
		5.3.4 Mahapajapati Gotami Crossing Boundaries
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Khema of Great Wisdom from India खेमा Circa 563 BCE–483 BCE
	Abstract
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biography
		6.2.1 Aspiration and Past Lives
		6.2.2 Final Life and Enlightenment
	6.3 Philosophical Teachings
	6.4 Conclusion: Khema as Philosopher
	References
Chapter 7 Meng Mu of China  孟母  Circa 4th Century BCE
	Abstract
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Meng Mu the Person
		7.1.2 Confucian Philosophy of Education: A Background
	7.2 Learning from Meng Mu
		7.2.1 Meng Mu San Qian 孟母三遷
		7.2.2 Meng Mu Duan Zhi 孟母斷織
		7.2.3 Mengzi Qu Qi 孟子去妻
		7.2.4 Meng Mu Chu Qi 孟母處齊
		7.2.5 Han Ying on Meng Mu
	7.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Ban Zhao of China 班昭  45–116 CE
	Abstract
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Biography
			8.1.1.1 Family
			8.1.1.2 Achievements
		8.1.2 Philosophy
	8.2 Social-Political Background
		8.2.1 Han Dynasty History
		8.2.2 The Philosophical Heritage: Philosophy and Philosophers in the Han Court
	8.3 Philosophical Works: “Needle and Thread,” “a Journey to the East,” and Lessons for Women
		8.3.1 The Poem “The Needle and Thread”
		8.3.2 The Poem: Rhapsody on Traveling Eastward/A Journey to the East
		8.3.3 The Prose Treatise: Lessons for Women/ Nüjie
			8.3.3.1 Overview of the Lessons
			8.3.3.2 Philosophy In Seven Chapters
			8.3.3.3 The Nature of Relationship within Family
			8.3.3.4 The Nature of Relationship within the Generational Family
			8.3.3.5 Womanly Virtue
			8.3.3.6 Propriety and Rhetoric
			8.3.3.7 Husband and Wife Relation
			8.3.3.8 The Argument for Education
	8.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Sulabha of Indiaसुलभ
	Abstract
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Biography
	9.3 Textual Context
	9.4 Sulabha’s Philosophy
	9.5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	Translation of Sulabha-Janaka Dialogue
	References
Chapter 10 Rābi‘a al-‘Adawiyya of Basra 712–801/185–95رابعة ا عدوية ا بصرية
	Abstract
	10.1 Introduction
		10.1.1 Sources of Rābi‘a’s Biography
		10.1.2 Biography
		10.1.3 Teacher, Mystic, Pedagogical Innovator
		10.1.4 Rābi‘a as “Honorary Man”: Teacher, Mentor, or Educator?
	10.2 Teaching Methods: Moral Parables and Multi-sensory Pedagogy
	10.3 Rhetoric, Philosophy of Language, Poetics and Ineffable Love
		10.3.1 Selection Criteria
		10.3.2 Names and Letters
		10.3.3 Language and Poetics
	10.4 Taxonomy of Love
		10.4.1 Reinterpretation of Hawā
		10.4.2 The Spiraling Power of ‘Ishq: Creating a “Semantically-Based” Etymology
	10.5 Feminism
		10.5.1 Feminists and Feminisms
		10.5.2 Rābi‘a’s Feminism
	10.6 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Chapter 11 Yeshe Tsogyal  of Tibet   777–876 CE
	Abstract
	11.1 Biography
		11.1.1 Preliminary Comments Regarding Sources
		11.1.2 Life
	11.2 Philosophical Foundations of Vajrayāna Buddhism
		11.2.1 Bön Before Buddhism
			11.2.1.1 Bön Ways to Enlightenment
			11.2.1.2 Bön Deities
		11.2.2 Tibetan Buddhism
			11.2.2.1 Theravedic Influence
			11.2.2.2 Mahāyāna Influence
	11.3 Vajrayana Buddhism
		11.3.1 Nyingma
		11.3.2 Nyingma Tantrism
	11.4 Teaching
	11.5 Works
		11.5.1 Questions and Answers of the Lady
		11.5.2 Prayer
		11.5.3 Aspiration
		11.5.4 Book of the Dead
	11.6 Philosophy
	11.7 Conclusions
	Appendix I. Prayer
	Appendix II. Aspiration
	Appendix III: Autobiography (Excerpt)
	References
Chapter 12 Murasaki Shikibu  of Japan   紫式部  Circa 978–Circa 1000
	Abstract
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Biography
	12.3 Philosophical Background
	12.4 Works
		12.4.1 Poetic Memoirs (Murasaki Shikibu shū) Circa 1014
		12.4.2 Diary (Murasaki Shikibu Nikki) Circa. 1008–1010
		12.4.3 The Tale of Genji (Genji Monogatari) Circa 1002–1022
	12.5 Philosophical Methodology
		12.5.1 The Epistemology of Buddhist Upāya
		12.5.2 Heian-Kyō as the Lotus Sutra’s “Burning House”
		12.5.3 From Wisdom to Wisdom Gone Beyond (Compassion)
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Cao Wenyi of China 曹文逸 1039–1119
	Abstract
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Philosophical Heritage
		13.2.1 Dao as Cosmic Mother and Female Body
	13.3 Cao’s Daoism
		13.3.1 Taiji
		13.3.2 Bumiao
		13.3.3 A Lived Body Experience
		13.3.4 Life’s Journey of Transcending
			13.3.4.1 The Idea of ‘Transcendence’
	13.4 Legacy of Cao Wenyi
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	References
Chapter 14 Sun Bu’er of China 孫不二 1119–1183
	Abstract
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Daodejing
		14.1.2 Zhuangzi
		14.1.3 Sunujing
		14.1.4 Cao Wenyi
	14.2 Biography
	14.3 Works
		14.3.1 Bu Suanzi
		14.3.2 Yao Baomei
		14.3.3 Wu Ye’er
		14.3.4 Manting Fang
	14.4 Conclusions
		14.4.1 Why Sun Is a Philosopher
		14.4.2 Sun’s Daoism
	References
Chapter 15 Akka Mahadevi of India  Circa 1130–Circa 1160
	Abstract
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Virasaivism in Twelfth Century Karnataka
		15.1.2 Akka Mahadevi—Radical Woman Philosopher of Virasaivism
		15.1.3 Life of Akka Mahadevi
		15.1.4 Locating Akka Mahadevi among Medieval Philosophers—The Anubhava Mantapa
		15.1.5 Situating Mysticism in Akka Mahadevi
		15.1.6 Erotic Mysticism in Akka Mahdevi’s Vachanas
		15.1.7 The ‘Domestic Household’ as Allegory and Metaphor
		15.1.8 Transgression and Transcendence
		15.1.9 Akka Mahadevi in the Eyes of Other Shivasharane
		15.1.10 Relevance of Akka Mahadevi for Women Today
	References
Chapter 16 Empress Xu/Renxiaowen of China 仁孝文皇后 1361–1407
	Abstract
	16.1 The Author and the Work
	16.2 Cultural and Historical Background
	16.3 Purpose of Writing, Contents, Strengths and Weaknesses of the Book
	Appendix 1
	Appendix 2
	References
Chapter 17 Im Yunjidang of Korea  任允摯堂  1721–1793
	Abstract
	17.1 Biography and Writings
	17.2 Philosophical Views
	17.3 Translations from The Extant Writings of Im Yunjidang
		17.3.1 Biographies
			17.3.1.1 Biography of the Wife of Mr. Song (Neungsang)
			17.3.1.2 The Biography of Two Women: Choe and Hong
		17.3.2 Discourses
			17.3.2.1 Discourse on Misaeng Go Begging Vinegar
			17.3.2.2 Discourse of On Gyo Tearing the Hem of His Garment
		17.3.3 Expositions
			17.3.3.1 Exposition on the Human Heart-Mind, Heart-Mind of the Way, Four Sprouts, and Seven Emotions
			17.3.3.2 Exposition on Overcoming the Self and Returning to the Rites is Humaneness
		17.3.4 Inscriptions
	17.4 Conclusions
	Bibliography
Chapter 18 姜靜一堂 Gang Jeongildang of Korea 1772–1832
	Abstract
	18.1 Biography and Writings
	18.2 Philosophical Views
	18.3 Translations from The Extant Writings of Gang Jeongildang
		18.3.1 Eighteen Poems
		18.3.2 Two Letters
		18.3.3 Twenty-Six Personal Missives
		18.3.4 Two Commemorations
		18.3.5 Funeral Epitaphs
	Bibliography
Chapter 19 Nana Asma’u of Nigeria 1793–1864
	Abstract
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Family Origins, Scholarly Values
		19.1.2 Qadiriyya Sufism
	19.2 The Prevailing Philosophy of Nana Asma’u’s Place and Time
	19.3 Sufi Philosophy as Reflected in Asma’u’s Literary Works
	Appendix
	References
Chapter 20 Oodgeroo of the Noonuccal (Kath Walker) of Australia 1920–1993
	Abstract
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Biography
	20.3 Philosophy
	20.4 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Chapter 21 Emérita Quito  of the Philippines  1929–2017
	Abstract
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Biography
	21.3 Philosophy
		21.3.1 Public Philosophy
		21.3.2 Phenomenology and Existentialism
		21.3.3 Ethics/Moral/Political Philosophy
		21.3.4 Filipino Philosophy?
		21.3.5 The Future of Philosophy in the Philippines
	21.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 22 Sophie Olúwolé  of Nigeria  1935–2018
	Abstract
	22.1 Biography
	22.2 Methodology of Classical African Philosophy
		22.2.1 Critiquing the Oral Tradition
		22.2.2 The Ifá Tradition
	22.3 Critical Traditionalists
	22.4 Olúwolé’s Philosophy of Gender
	22.5 Olúwolé’s African Political Philosophy
		22.5.1 Intercultural Philosophy
		22.5.2 Belief in Witchcraft
	22.6 Conclusion: Olúwolé and the Future of an Oral Tradition and Gender Conscious African Philosophy
	References
Chapter 23 Viola Cordova  Jicarilla Tribe, Apache Native American  1936–2002
	Abstract
	23.1 Biography
	23.2 Influences: Traditional Native American Women’s Public Philosophy
		23.2.1 Nanye’hi
		23.2.2 Catherine Brown
		23.2.3 Sarah Winnemucca (d. 1891)
	23.3 Philosophy
		23.3.1 Ontology and Epistemology
		23.3.2 Ethics and Aesthetics
		23.3.3 The Nature of Human
	23.4 Conclusion
	References
Appendix