Wireless Communications Systems: An Introduction

Cover
Title Page
©
Contents
Preface
Symbols and Acronyms
1 Introduction
	1.1 Historical Development of Wireless
Communications
	1.2 Information
	1.3 Wired Communications
	1.4 Spectrum
	1.5 Communication System
	Problems
	References
2 Signals and Bits
	2.1 Analog Baseband Signals
	2.2 Digital Baseband Signals
	2.3 Source Coding
	2.4 Line Coding
	2.5 Bandwidth
	2.6 Signal Level
	2.7 Noise and Interference
	2.8 Converting Analog to Digital
	2.9 Channel Coding
	2.10 Repetition
	2.11 Parity Bits
	2.12 Redundancy Checking
	2.13 Error Correcting Codes (ECC)
		2.13.1 Block Codes
		2.13.2 Convolutional Codes
	2.14 Interleaving
	2.15 Eye Diagram
	2.16 Intersymbol Interference
	2.17 Raised-Cosine Filter
	2.18 Equalization
	Problems
	References
3 Passband Signals
	3.1 Carrier
	3.2 Amplitude-Modulated Signals
	3.3 Frequency-Modulated Signals
	3.4 Phase-Modulated Signals
	3.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
	3.6 Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals
	3.7 BER of Digital Signals
	3.8 Multiplexing in Time and Frequency
		3.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing
		3.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing
		3.8.3 Multiple Access
	3.9 Spread Spectrum
		3.9.1 Interference
		3.9.2 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
		3.9.3 Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum
		3.9.4 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
	Problems
	References
4 Antennas
	4.1 Signal Properties that Influence Antenna Design
		4.1.1 Impedance
		4.1.2 Gain
		4.1.3 Polarization
		4.1.4 Bandwidth
	4.2 Common Antennas
		4.2.1 Point Sources
		4.2.2 Wire Antennas
		4.2.3 Aperture Antennas
		4.2.4 Microstrip Antennas
	4.3 Antenna Arrays
		4.3.1 Element Placement
	4.4 Electronic Beam Steering
	4.5 Element Pattern
	4.6 Low Sidelobes
	4.7 Moving a Null to Reject Interference
	4.8 Null Filling
	4.9 Multiple Beams
	4.10 Antennas for Wireless Applications
		4.10.1 Handset Antennas
		4.10.2 Cellular Base Station Antennas
		4.10.3 Reflector Antennas
		4.10.4 Antennas for Microwave Links
	4.11 Diversity
		4.11.1 Spatial Diversity
		4.11.2 Frequency Diversity
		4.11.3 Polarization Diversity
		4.11.4 Time Diversity
	Problems
	References
6 Satellite Communications
	5 Propagation in the Channel
		5.1 Free Space Propagation
		5.2 Reflection and Refraction
		5.3 Multipath
		5.4 Antennas over the Earth
		5.5 Earth Surface
		5.6 Diffraction
			5.6.1 Fresnel Diffraction
			5.6.2 Diffraction from Multiple Obstacles
			5.6.3 Geometrical Theory of Diffraction
		5.7 Signal Fading
			5.7.1 Small-Scale Fading Models
			5.7.2 Approximate Channel Models
			5.7.3 Large-Scale Fading
			5.7.4 Channel Ray-Tracing Models
		5.8 Doppler Effects
		5.9 Fade Margin
		5.10 Atmospheric Propagation
		Problems
		References
	6.1 Early Development of Satellite Communications
	6.2 Satellite Orbits
	6.3 Satellite Link Budget
	6.4 Bent Pipe Architecture
	6.5 Multiple Beams
	6.6 Stabilization
	Problems
	References
7 RFID
	7.1 Historical Development
	7.2 RFID System Overview
	7.3 Tag Data
	7.4 Tag Classes
		7.4.1 Passive Tags
		7.4.2 Tags with Batteries or Supercapacitors
	7.5 Data Encoding and Modulation
	7.6 Reader-Tag Communication
		7.6.1 Near Field
		7.6.2 Far Field
	Untitled
	References
8 Direction Finding
	8.1 Direction Finding with a Main Beam
		8.1.1 Array Output Power
		8.1.2 Periodogram
		8.1.3 Wullenweber Array
	8.2 Direction Finding with a Null
	8.3 Adcock Arrays
	8.4 Eigenbeams
	8.5 Direction Finding Algorithms
		8.5.1 Capon’s Minimum Variance
		8.5.2 Pisarenko Harmonic Decomposition
		8.5.3 MUSIC Algorithm
		8.5.4 Root MUSIC
		8.5.5 Maximum Entropy Method
		8.5.6 ESPRIT
		8.5.7 Estimating and Finding Sources
	Problems
	References
9 Adaptive Arrays
	9.1 The Need for Adaptive Nulling
	9.2 Beam Cancellation
	9.3 Optimum Weights
	9.4 Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm
	9.5 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm
	9.6 Adaptive Algorithms Based on Power Minimization
		9.6.1 Random Search Algorithms
		9.6.2 Output Power Minimization Algorithms
		9.6.3 Beam Switching
		9.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas
	Untitled
	References
10 MIMO
	10.1 Types of MIMO
	10.2 The Channel Matrix
	10.3 Recovering the Transmitted Signal Using the Channel Matrix
		10.3.1 CSIR and CSIT
		10.3.2 Waterfilling Algorithm
		10.3.3 CSIR and No CSIT
	Problems
	References
11 Security
	11.1 Wireless Networks
		11.1.1 Addresses on a Network
		11.1.2 Types of Wireless Local Area Networks
		11.1.3 WLAN Examples
	11.2 Threats
	11.3 Securing Data
		11.3.1 Cryptography
		11.3.2 Secret Key Cryptography
		11.3.3 Public Key Cryptography
		11.3.4 Hashing
	11.4 Defenses
	Problems
	References
12 Biological Effects of RF Fields
	12.1 RF Heating
	12.2 RF Dosimetry
	12.3 RF Radiation Hazards
		12.3.1 Base Stations
		12.3.2 Cell Phones
		12.3.3 Medical Tests
	12.4 Modeling RF Interactions with Humans
	12.5 Harmful Effects of RF Radiation
	Problems
	References
Appendix A MATLAB Tips
Appendix B OSI Layers
Appendix C Cellular Generations
Appendix D Bluetooth
Appendix E Wi-Fi
Appendix F Software-Defined Radios
Index