Wind Turbine Energy

3. Computing Wind Turbine Energy Output......Page 1
1. Wind Energy Guided Tour Introduction......Page 6
Where does Wind Energy Come From?......Page 8
The Coriolis Force......Page 9
Wind Energy Resources: Global Winds......Page 11
Geostrophic Wind......Page 13
Local Winds: Sea Breezes......Page 14
Local Winds: Mountain Winds......Page 15
The Energy in the Wind: Air Density and Rotor Area......Page 16
Wind Turbines Deflect the Wind......Page 18
The Power of the Wind: Cube of Wind Speed......Page 21
Wind Speed Measurement: Anemometers......Page 23
Wind Speed Measurement in Practice......Page 25
The Wind Rose......Page 27
Wind Rose Plotter Programme......Page 29
Roughness and Wind Shear......Page 30
Wind Speed Calculator......Page 32
Wind Shear and Escarpments......Page 34
The Roughness Rose......Page 36
The Variability of the Wind......Page 38
Turbulence......Page 40
Wind Obstacles......Page 41
Wind Shade......Page 43
Guide to the Wind Shade Calculator......Page 45
Wind Shade Calculator......Page 48
Wake Effect......Page 50
Park Effect......Page 51
Speed Up Effects: Tunnel Effect......Page 53
Speed Up Effects: Hill Effect......Page 55
Selecting a Wind Turbine Site......Page 57
Offshore Wind Conditions......Page 59
Wind Map of Western Europe......Page 61
Wind Map of Denmark......Page 63
Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution......Page 66
Weibull Distribution Plotter Programme......Page 68
The Average Bottle Fallacy......Page 69
Mean (Average) Power of the Wind......Page 70
Betz\' Law......Page 71
Power Density Function......Page 73
Power Curve of a Wind Turbine......Page 75
Power Coefficient......Page 77
Guide to the Wind Turbine Power Calculator......Page 79
Wind Turbine Power Calculator......Page 83
Annual Energy Output from a Wind Turbine......Page 85
6. Manufacturering and Installing Wind Turbines......Page 2
Wind Turbine Components......Page 87
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Lift......Page 91
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Stall and Drag......Page 93
Adding Wind Speeds and Directions......Page 94
Rotor Aerodynamics......Page 95
Rotor Blades......Page 96
Power Control of Wind Turbines......Page 98
The Wind Turbine Yaw Mechanism......Page 101
Wind Turbine Towers......Page 103
Wind Turbine Generators......Page 107
Synchronous Generators......Page 109
Changing Generator Rotational Speed......Page 111
Asynchronous (Induction) Generators......Page 113
Changing the Number of Generator Poles......Page 116
Variable Slip Generators for Wind Turbines......Page 118
Indirect Grid Connection of Wind Turbines......Page 120
Gearboxes for Wind Turbines......Page 122
The Electronic Wind Turbine Controller......Page 124
Controlling Power Quality from Wind Turbines......Page 126
Size of Wind Turbines......Page 128
Wind Turbine Safety......Page 131
Wind Turbine Occupational Safety......Page 133
Wind Turbine Design: Basic Load Considerations......Page 135
Wind Turbines: Horizontal or Vertical Axis Machines......Page 137
Wind Turbines: Upwind or Downwind?......Page 139
Wind Turbines: How Many Blades?......Page 141
Optimising Wind Turbines......Page 143
Designing for Low Mechanical Noise from Wind Turbines......Page 145
Designing for Low Aerodynamic Noise from Wind Turbines......Page 147
Manufacturing Wind Turbine Nacelles......Page 149
Testing Wind Turbine Rotor Blades......Page 150
Manufacturing Wind Turbine Towers......Page 153
Welding Wind Turbine Towers......Page 155
Installing and Assembling Wind Turbine Towers......Page 156
11. Modern Wind Turbine History (Pictures)......Page 3
Research and Development in Wind Energy......Page 158
Offshore Wind Power Research......Page 160
Wind Turbine Offshore Foundations......Page 162
Offshore Foundations: Traditional Concrete......Page 164
Offshore Foundations: Gravitation + Steel......Page 165
Offshore Foundations: Mono Pile......Page 167
Offshore Foundations: Tripod......Page 169
Building Gravity Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines (QuickTime Video)......Page 171
Wind Turbines in the Electrical Grid: Wind Energy Variations......Page 172
Seasonal Variation in Wind Energy......Page 174
Wind Turbines and Power Quality Issues......Page 176
Grid Connection of Offshore Wind Parks......Page 179
Wind Turbines and the Environment: Landscape......Page 181
Sound from Wind Turbines......Page 183
Measuring and Calculating Sound Levels......Page 185
Sound Map Calculator for Wind Turbines......Page 188
Wind Turbine Sound Calculator......Page 189
Energy Payback Period for Wind Turbines......Page 190
Birds and Wind Turbines......Page 192
Birds and Offshore Wind Turbines......Page 193
Shadow Casting from Wind Turbines......Page 195
Calculating Shadows from Wind Turbines......Page 197
Refining Shadow Calculations for Wind Turbines......Page 199
Shadow Variations from Wind Turbines......Page 202
Guide to the Wind Turbine Shadow Calculator......Page 204
Wind Turbine Shadow Calculator......Page 210
What does a Wind Turbine Cost?......Page 213
Installation Costs for Wind Turbines......Page 215
Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines......Page 217
Income from Wind Turbines......Page 219
Wind Energy and Electrical Tariffs......Page 221
Basic Economics of Investment......Page 223
Wind Energy Economics......Page 225
Guide to Wind Energy Economics Calculator......Page 227
Wind Energy Economics Calculator......Page 230
Economics of Offshore Wind Energy......Page 232
Employment in the Wind Industry......Page 234
Wind Energy Pictures......Page 236
Wind Energy Pictures - Poul la Cour......Page 237
Wind Energy Pictures - 1940-1950......Page 239
Wind Energy Pictures - Gedser Wind Turbine......Page 241
Wind Turbines From the 1980s......Page 243
The Great California Wind Rush......Page 246
Wind Turbine Pictures - Modern Wind Turbines......Page 248
Offshore Wind Turbine Pictures......Page 249
Megawatt-Sized Wind Turbines......Page 251
Multi-Megawatt Wind Turbines......Page 253
Wind Energy Reference Manual......Page 256
Wind Energy Concepts......Page 257
Energy and Power Definitions......Page 260
Proof of Betz\' Law......Page 262
Wind Energy Acoustics......Page 264
Wind Energy and Electricity......Page 267
Three Phase Alternating Current......Page 269
Connecting to Three Phase Alternating Current......Page 270
Electromagnetism Part 1......Page 272
Electromagnetism Part 2......Page 273
Induction Part 1......Page 274
Induction Part 2......Page 275
Wind Energy, Environment, and Fuels......Page 276
Wind Energy Bibliography......Page 277
Wind Energy Glossary......Page 280
www.windpower.org Copyright Notice......Page 287