Wind Tunnels: Aerodynamics, Models and Experiments

CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ABSTRACT......Page 14
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 15
1.1. EXPERT Capsule......Page 19
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL......Page 20
3. PWT SCIROCCO EXPERIMENT PRELIMINARY DESIGN......Page 21
3.1. PWT “Scirocco” Facility Description......Page 22
3.2. Facility Performance Evaluation......Page 23
3.3.1. Nose Radius......Page 28
3.3.2. Flap Dimensions......Page 29
3.4. Final Configuration and Materials......Page 30
4.1. Facility Operating Conditions......Page 31
4.1.1. Pressure and Heat Flux Reference Values......Page 33
4.1.2. Pressure and Heat Flux Peak Values......Page 34
4.1.3. Angle of Attack......Page 36
4.2. Definition of the Experimental Conditions......Page 37
4.2.2. Point P2-PWT......Page 39
5.1.1. Thermal Analysis......Page 40
5.1.2. Structural Analysis......Page 41
5.2.1. Thermal Analysis......Page 42
5.2.2. Structural Analysis......Page 44
5.4. Water Cooled Leading Edge......Page 45
5.5. Model Frame......Page 46
6.1. Computational Grids......Page 47
6.2. Two-Dimensional Numerical Results......Page 49
6.2.1. Wall Catalycity Effects......Page 50
6.2.2. Nose Temperature Effects......Page 54
6.2.3. Base Flow Effects......Page 55
6.3. Three-Dimensional Numerical Results......Page 59
6.3.1. Condition P2-PWT......Page 60
6.4. Model Instrumentation......Page 68
7. TEST EXECUTION......Page 71
8. POST TEST ANALYSIS AND NUMERICAL REBUILDING......Page 74
8.1. Comparison with Pre-Test and Flight Data......Page 75
9. CONCLUSION......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
ABSTRACT......Page 82
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 83
2.2. Construction......Page 84
Internal Circulation, Shape, and Oscillation of Raindrops......Page 86
Collisional Drop Growth and Riming......Page 89
Melting of Snow Flakes......Page 91
Scavenging of Sulfur Dioxide by Large and Small Raindrops......Page 92
Scavenging of Ammonia by Raindrops......Page 93
Heterogeneous Drop Freezing in the Immersion and Contact Mode......Page 94
Drop-to-Particle Conversion......Page 96
2.3.2. Experiments in Turbulent Air Stream......Page 97
Collisional Drop Growth......Page 98
Impaction scavenging by water drops......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 100
ABSTRACT......Page 106
NOMENCLATURE......Page 107
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 109
2. BINARY DROPLET COLLISION......Page 110
2.1. Coalescence after Minor Deformation......Page 112
2.2. Further Regimes of Collision Outcome......Page 117
2.3. Composite Collision Outcome Model......Page 118
3. PROCESSES INFLUENCING CLOUD CHARACTERISTICS......Page 119
3.1. Evaporation and Cooling......Page 120
3.3. Turbulent Dispersion......Page 121
4. TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF TWO-PHASE FLOW......Page 122
4.2. Droplet Motion......Page 123
4.3. Computation......Page 125
5.1. CIGELE Atmospheric Icing Research Wind Tunnel (CAIRWT)......Page 126
5.2. Velocity Measurements......Page 127
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......Page 128
6.1. Droplet Velocity in the CAIRWT......Page 129
6.2. Streamwise and Vertical Variations of DSD......Page 131
6.3. Vertical Distribution of LWC and its Streamwise Variation......Page 135
7. CONCLUSION......Page 136
APPENDIX......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
ABSTRACT......Page 142
INTRODUCTION......Page 143
Wind Tunnel......Page 144
Measurement of Wind Velocity......Page 146
Condensation Unit......Page 147
Specifications of Used Peltier Modules......Page 148
Weighing......Page 149
Velocity and Turbulent Intensity Profiles in Dry Conditions......Page 150
Condensation Experiments in Ambient Conditions......Page 152
Greek......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
ABSTRACT......Page 160
INTRODUCTION......Page 161
Sample Site and Trees......Page 163
Monitoring of Wind Speed and Stem Deflection......Page 164
Determination of Stem Stiffness Factor......Page 166
Calculation of CD......Page 167
Stiffness of Tree Stems......Page 168
Area and Height of Wind Pressure Center of the Sample Crowns......Page 169
Relationship between Wind Speed and CD......Page 171
Data Necessary for Adequate Prediction of CD......Page 172
Effect of Leaves on CD for Poplar Crowns......Page 176
CONCLUSION......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
ABSTRACT......Page 180
PRE-X REQUIREMENTS......Page 181
LOGIC AND TEST PLAN......Page 182
AERODYNAMICS......Page 185
T-128......Page 186
T-116......Page 187
LONG SHOT......Page 188
F4......Page 189
CONCLUSION ON AERODYNAMICS......Page 191
Flying Qualities......Page 193
Longitudinal and Lateral Trim......Page 194
Aerothermics......Page 195
R2Ch......Page 196
HEG......Page 197
PGU7......Page 198
CONCLUSIONS ON AEROTHERMICS......Page 199
SYMBOLS......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
ABSTRACT......Page 202
1.0. INTRODUCTION......Page 203
2.1. Test Chamber......Page 204
2.2. Nozzle......Page 205
2.3. Second Diffuser......Page 208
2.4. First Diffuser......Page 210
2.5.1. Smaller Corners (1 and 2)......Page 212
2.5.2. Larger Corners (3 and 4)......Page 213
2.6. Settling Chamber......Page 214
2.7. Honeycomb......Page 215
2.8. Screens......Page 218
3.1. Pressure Losses in Constant Cross-Section Area Sections......Page 220
3.2. Pressure Losses in Diffusers......Page 221
3.3. Pressure Losses In Corners......Page 222
3.5. Pressure Losses in Honeycombs......Page 223
4.0. CASE STUDY LOSSES......Page 224
5.0. ENERGY RATIO OF THE WIND TUNNEL......Page 227
6.0. AXIAL FAN CHOICE......Page 228
CONCLUSION......Page 231
REFERENCES......Page 232
INDEX......Page 234