Wind Power Integration: Connection and system operational aspects (Iet Power and Energy)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
List of acronyms......Page 12
1.1 Overview......Page 14
1.2.1 Renewable energy......Page 15
1.3.1 Background......Page 17
1.3.2 Changes in size and output......Page 18
1.3.3 Energy productivity......Page 19
1.4.1 Blades......Page 20
1.4.3 Summary of principal design options......Page 21
1.5 Wind farms......Page 22
1.5.1 Offshore wind......Page 23
1.6.2 Electricity-generating costs......Page 24
1.6.3 Carbon dioxide savings......Page 25
1.7.1 Wind fluctuations......Page 27
1.7.2 Capacity credits......Page 29
1.7.4 Storage......Page 30
1.8.2 Future price trends......Page 31
1.8.4 Integration issues......Page 32
2.2.1 Electromagnetism......Page 34
2.2.2 Magnetic circuits......Page 37
2.2.4 Electricity supply......Page 38
2.2.5 The transformer......Page 39
2.3.1 Power in steady-state AC systems......Page 41
2.3.2 Phasors......Page 43
2.3.3 Power in AC systems......Page 46
2.4.1 Three-phase systems......Page 47
2.4.2 Comparison of single- and three-phase systems......Page 48
2.4.3 Three-phase supply......Page 49
2.4.4 Balanced star-connected load......Page 50
2.4.5 Balanced delta-connected load......Page 51
2.4.6 Some useful conventions......Page 52
2.4.7 The complex VA product......Page 53
2.4.9 The per unit system......Page 54
2.5.1 Line parameters......Page 57
2.5.2 Line models......Page 60
2.5.4 Voltage regulation......Page 62
3.2 Historical review of wind power technology......Page 66
3.3 Design choices for large wind turbine generators......Page 68
3.4.1 Energy extraction across the rotor disc......Page 69
3.4.2 Power regulation......Page 73
3.5.1 Review of the induction (asynchronous) machine......Page 77
3.5.2 Fixed-speed induction generator-based wind turbine......Page 82
3.6 Variable-speed wind turbines......Page 85
3.6.1 DFIG wind turbine......Page 86
3.6.2 Wide-range variable-speed synchronous generator wind turbine......Page 90
4.2 Wind farm starting......Page 100
4.3.1 The voltage level issue......Page 102
4.4.1 Planning approaches/standards......Page 116
4.4.2 Wind farm connection issues......Page 117
4.4.3 Backbone system issues......Page 118
4.4.4 Equipment issues......Page 120
4.5.2 Harmonics......Page 121
4.6.1 Frequency performance and dynamic response......Page 122
4.6.2 Transient response......Page 124
4.7.1 Equipment capability......Page 130
4.9.1 System protection......Page 132
4.9.2 Transmission connected wind farms......Page 133
4.9.3 Distribution connected wind farms......Page 135
4.9.4 Wind farm protection......Page 137
5.1 Introduction......Page 140
5.2 Load-frequencycontrol......Page 141
5.2.1 Unit load-frequency control......Page 145
5.2.2 Emergency frequencycontrol......Page 148
5.3.1 Overview of system operational challenges of wind power......Page 153
5.3.2 Wind power in Ireland......Page 156
5.3.3 System operation and wind variability......Page 171
5.3.4 System operationalmodes......Page 182
5.3.5 Capacity credit......Page 190
5.3.6 Ancillary service provision......Page 193
5.3.7 Wind turbine generator inertial response......Page 202
5.3.8 Distributed generation protection......Page 205
5.4 Energy storage/flexible load management......Page 208
5.4.1 Conventional energy storage......Page 210
5.4.2 Demand-side management......Page 213
5.4.3 Hydrogen energy storage......Page 215
6.1 Introduction......Page 222
6.2.1 Meteorology, weather and climate......Page 223
6.2.2 Atmospheric structure and scales......Page 224
6.3 Numerical weather prediction......Page 225
6.4 Persistence forecasting......Page 227
6.4.1 Error measures......Page 228
6.4.2 Reference models......Page 229
6.5 Advanced wind power forecasting systems......Page 235
6.5.1 Prediktor......Page 239
6.5.2 Statistical models......Page 243
6.5.3 Ensemble forecasting......Page 248
6.6 Conclusions......Page 249
7.1 Introduction......Page 252
7.2 The electrical energy market......Page 254
7.3 Balancing, capacity and ancillary services......Page 256
7.4 Support mechanisms......Page 258
7.5 Costs......Page 259
7.6 Investment and risk......Page 262
7.7 The future......Page 263
Appendix: FACTS technology......Page 266
References......Page 272
Index......Page 282