Wind Energy Systems: Solutions for Power Quality and Stabilization

Wind Energy Systems: Solutions for Power Quality and Stabilization......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
About the Author......Page 18
1.2 Why Renewable Energy......Page 20
1.4.1 A Renewable Nonpolluting Resource......Page 21
1.5 Worldwide Status of Wind Energy......Page 22
1.5.3 Spain......Page 23
1.5.7 European Union......Page 24
1.5.8 North America......Page 25
1.5.9 Asia......Page 26
1.5.11 Latin America......Page 27
1.6 Aim and Scope of the Book......Page 28
References......Page 32
2.3 Wind Energy Technology......Page 36
2.4 Basic Components of a Wind Turbine System......Page 38
2.5.1 Wind Turbines Based on Axes......Page 39
2.5.1.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines......Page 40
2.5.1.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines......Page 41
2.5.2 Wind Turbine Power Scales......Page 42
2.5.3 Wind Turbine Installation Location......Page 43
2.6.1 Power Output from an Ideal Turbine......Page 44
2.6.2 Power Output from Practical Turbines......Page 47
2.6.2.1 Wind Turbine Design Speed......Page 49
2.6.2.4 Wind Shear......Page 50
References......Page 51
3.2 DC Machines......Page 56
3.3.1 Synchronous Machines......Page 58
3.3.1.1 Principle of Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generators......Page 60
3.3.1.3 Governor Control System......Page 62
3.3.1.5 Operating Principle of Synchronous Motors......Page 63
3.3.1.6 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator......Page 64
3.3.2 Asynchronous Machines......Page 65
3.3.2.1 Synchronous Speed......Page 67
3.3.2.3 Induction Generator or Asynchronous Generator......Page 68
3.3.3 Synchronous Reluctance Machine......Page 70
3.3.4.1 Basic Principles......Page 72
3.3.4.2 Induction Law......Page 73
3.3.4.3 Ideal Power Equation......Page 74
3.3.4.4 Detailed Operation......Page 75
3.4 Electrical Power Systems......Page 78
3.4.1 Conventional Power Generation......Page 79
3.4.2 Electric Power Transmission......Page 80
3.4.3 Electric Power Distribution......Page 82
3.4.4 Power System Analysis......Page 83
3.4.5 Power Flow Study......Page 84
3.4.6 Per-Unit System and Base Quantities......Page 85
3.4.6.1 Change of Bases......Page 86
3.4.7 Faults in Power Systems......Page 87
3.4.7.3 Symmetrical Fault......Page 88
3.4.7.5 Analysis......Page 89
3.4.7.6 Detecting and Locating Faults......Page 90
3.4.8 Power System Stability......Page 91
3.4.8.1 Classification of Stability......Page 92
3.4.9.1 Operation......Page 99
3.4.9.2 Arc Interruption......Page 100
3.4.9.3 Short-Circuit Current......Page 101
3.4.9.4 Types of Circuit Breakers......Page 102
3.4.10.1 Active Power-Frequency Control......Page 106
3.4.10.3 Methods of Voltage Control......Page 107
3.5 Power Quality......Page 108
References......Page 110
4.2 Power Devices......Page 114
4.4 Inverter......Page 115
4.5 Chopper......Page 119
4.7 Pulse Width Modulation Scheme......Page 123
4.9 Current Source Inverter......Page 126
References......Page 129
5.2 Fixed-Speed Wind Energy\rConversion Systems......Page 132
5.3 Variable-Speed Wind Energy\rConversion Systems......Page 133
5.4 Wind Generators......Page 134
5.4.2 Induction Generators......Page 136
5.5 Wind Generator Characteristics......Page 137
5.6 Maximum Power Point Tracking System......Page 140
5.7.1 Outline of the Calculation Method......Page 142
5.7.2.2 Generator Input......Page 144
5.7.2.4 Bearing Loss, Windage Loss, and Stray Load Loss......Page 145
5.7.3 Calculation Method......Page 146
5.7.4 Simulation Results......Page 149
5.7.5 Simulation Result with Transient Phenomenon Considered......Page 151
5.7.6 Efficiency Calculation Using a Probability Density Function......Page 153
5.8 Chapter Summary......Page 154
References......Page 156
6.2 Transient Stability and Power\rQuality Problems......Page 160
6.4 Power, Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations\rDue to Random Wind Speed Variation......Page 161
6.5 Grid Connection Requirements......Page 162
6.5.1 Islanding and Auto Reclosure......Page 166
6.5.2 Other Issues......Page 167
6.6 Design and Operation of Power Systems......Page 168
6.8 Grid Infrastructure......Page 169
References......Page 170
7.1 Introduction......Page 174
7.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage......Page 175
7.2.2 Battery Energy Storage Systems......Page 178
7.2.3 Advanced Capacitors......Page 180
7.2.4 Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)......Page 182
7.2.6 Flow Batteries......Page 184
7.2.7 Compressed Air Energy Storage......Page 185
7.3 Energy Storage Systems Compared......Page 186
7.4 Using SMES to Minimize Fluctuations\rin Power, Frequency, and Voltage\rof Wind Generator Systems......Page 187
7.4.1 Method of Calculating Power System Frequency......Page 192
7.4.2.1 Effectiveness of SMES Systems on Minimizing Wind\rGenerator Power, Frequency, and Voltage Fluctuations......Page 193
7.4.2.2 Comparison among Energy Capacities of SMES\rSystems to Minimize Wind Generator Power,\rFrequency, and Voltage Fluctuations......Page 194
7.4.3 SMES Power and Energy Ratings......Page 197
7.5 Power Quality Improvement Using a\rFlywheel Energy Storage System......Page 208
7.5.1 DC Bus Microgrid System......Page 212
7.5.2 Volt/Hertz Control......Page 213
7.5.3 Microgrid System Operation......Page 214
7.5.4 Control of Flywheel Energy Storage System......Page 215
7.5.5 Stability Consideration......Page 216
7.6 Constant Power Control of DFIG Wind\rTurbines with Supercapacitor Energy Storage......Page 217
7.6.2 Control of the RSC......Page 218
7.6.3 Control of the GSC......Page 219
7.6.4 Configuration and Control of the ESS......Page 220
7.6.5 Wind Turbine Blade Pitch Control......Page 221
7.7 Output Power Leveling of Wind Generator\rSystems by Pitch Angle Control......Page 222
7.8 Chapter Summary......Page 226
References......Page 227
8.1 Introduction......Page 232
8.2 Model System......Page 233
8.3 Pitch Control Method......Page 234
8.4 Superconducting Magnetic\rEnergy Storage Method......Page 235
8.4.2 Two-Quadrant DC-to-DC Chopper......Page 236
8.5 Static Synchronous Compensator\r(STATCOM) Method......Page 237
8.6 Braking Resistor Method......Page 239
8.8 Stabilization Methods Compared......Page 240
8.8.1 Performance Analysis......Page 241
8.8.4 Overall Comparison......Page 247
References......Page 250
9.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator Systems......Page 254
9.2.1 Rotor Side Converter......Page 256
9.2.2 Grid Side Converter......Page 257
9.3 Wound Field Synchronous Generator Systems......Page 259
9.3.1 Speed Controller......Page 261
9.3.2 Pitch Controller......Page 262
9.3.4 Grid Side Inverter Controller......Page 263
9.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous\rGenerator Systems......Page 264
9.4.1 Control of Back-to-Back Converters......Page 266
9.4.2 Control of the ESS......Page 267
9.4.3 Rating of the ESS......Page 268
9.4.4 Design Example for the ESS......Page 269
9.5 Switched Reluctance Generator System......Page 270
9.5.1 SRG Operation......Page 271
References......Page 273
Color Plates......Page 276