Wiley's Solomons, Fryhle & Snyder Organic Chemistry For Jee

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Title
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Preface to the Original Edition
Preface to the Adapted Version
About the Authors
About the Adapting Author
To the Student
Contents
1. The Basics: Bonding and Molecular Structure
	1.1 | Development of the Science of Organic Chemistry
	1.2 | Atomic Structure
	1.3 | The Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry
	1.4 | Chemical Bonds: The Octet Rule
	1.5 | Resonance Theory
	1.6 | Hyperconjugation
	1.7 | The Structure of Methane and Ethane: 
sp3 Hybridization
	1.8 | The Structure of Ethene (Ethylene): sp2 Hybridization
	1.9 | The Structure of Ethyne (Acetylene): sp Hybridization
	1.10 | HOW TO Interpret and Write Structural Formulas
2. Families of Carbon Compounds: Functional Groups and Intermolecular Forces
	2.1 | Hydrocarbons: Representative Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds
	2.2 | Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
	2.3 | Functional Groups
	2.4 | Alkyl Halides or Haloalkanes
	2.5 | Alcohols
	2.6 | Ethers
	2.7 | Amines
	2.8 | Aldehydes and Ketones
	2.9 | Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
	2.10 | Nitriles
	2.11 | Summary of Important Families of Organic Compounds
	2.12 | Physical Properties and Molecular Structure
	2.13 | Summary of Attractive Electric Forces
3. An Introduction
to Organic Reactions and
Their Mechanisms: Acids and Bases
	3.1 | Reactions and Their Mechanisms
	3.2 | Acid–Base Reactions
	3.3 | Lewis Acids and Bases
	3.4 | Heterolysis of Bonds to Carbon: Carbocations 
and Carbanions
	3.5 | HOW TO Use Curved Arrows in Illustrating Reactions
	3.6 | The Strength of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases: Ka and pKa
	3.7 | HOW TO Predict the Outcome of Acid–Base Reactions
	3.8 | Relationships between Structure and Acidity
	3.9 | Energy Changes
	3.10 | The Relationship between the Equilibrium Constant and the Standard Free-Energy Change, DG°
	3.11 | The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids versus Alcohols
	3.12 | The Effect of the Solvent on Acidity
	3.13 | Organic Compounds as Bases
	3.14 | Acids and Bases in Nonaqueous Solutions
	3.15 | Acid–Base Reactions and the Synthesis of Deuterium- and Tritium-Labeled Compounds
	3.16 | Reactions of NaHCO3 as a base
	3.17 | Steric Inhibition of Resonance (SIR) Effect
	3.18 | Ortho and Para Effects
4. Stereochemistry:
Chiral Molecules
	4.1 | Chirality and Stereochemistry
	4.2 | Isomerism: Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers
	4.3 | Enantiomers and Chiral Molecules
	4.4 | A Single Chirality Center Causes a Molecule 
to be Chiral
	4.5 | More about the Biological Importance of Chirality
	4.6 | HOW TO Test for Chirality: Planes of Symmetry
	4.7 | Naming Enantiomers: The R,S-System
	4.8 | Properties of Enantiomers: Optical Activity
	4.9 | The Origin of Optical Activity
	4.10 | The Synthesis of Chiral Molecules
	4.11 | Chiral Drugs
	4.12 | Molecules with more than One Chirality Center
	4.13 | Fischer Projection Formulas
	4.14 | Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds
	4.15 | Relating Configurations through Reactions in Which No Bonds to the Chirality Center are Broken
	4.16 | Separation of Enantiomers: Resolution
	4.17 | Compounds with Chirality Centers Other than Carbon
	4.18 | Chiral Molecules that do not Possess a Chirality Center
	4.19 | Biphenyl
	4.20 | Racemization of Biphenyl Compounds
	4.21 | Tautomerism
	4.22 | Gero Entropy
5. Nomenclature and Conformations of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	5.1 | Introduction to Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	5.2 | Shapes of Alkanes
	5.3 | 
HOW TO Name Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, 
and Alcohols: The IUPAC System
	5.4 |
 HOW TO Name Cycloalkanes
	5.5 |
 HOW TO Name Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
	5.6 |
 HOW TO Name Alkynes
	5.7 |
 Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	5.8 | Sigma Bonds and Bond Rotation
	5.9 |
 Conformational Analysis of Butane
	5.10 |
 The Relative Stabilities of Cycloalkanes: Ring Strain
	5.11 | 
Conformations of Cyclohexane: The Chair and the Boat
	5.12 | 
Substituted Cyclohexanes: Axial and 
Equatorial Hydrogen Groups
	5.13 |
 Disubstituted Cycloalkanes: Cis–Trans Isomerism
	5.14 | 
Bicyclic and Polycyclic Alkanes
	5.15 | 
Chemical Reactions of Alkanes
	5.16 | 
Synthesis of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
	5.17 | 
HOW TO Gain Structural Information from Molecular Formulas and the Index of Hydrogen Deficiency
	5.18 | Applications of Basic Principles
6. Ionic Reactions
	6.1 | alkyl Halides
	6.2 | Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
	6.3 | Nucleophiles
	6.4 | Leaving Groups
	6.5 |
 Kinetics of a Nucleophilic ­Substitution Reaction: 
An SN2 Reaction
	6.6 | A Mechanism for the SN2 Reaction
	6.7 | Transition State Theory: Free-Energy Diagrams
	6.8 | The Stereochemistry of SN2 Reactions
	6.9 |
 THE REACTION OF tert-BUTYL CHLORIDE WITH WATER: 
An SN1 REACTION
	6.10 | 
A Mechanism for the SN1 Reaction
	6.11 | 
Carbocations
	6.12 | 
The Stereochemistry of SN1 Reactions
	6.13 | 
Factors Affecting the Rates of SN1 and SN2 Reactions
	6.14 | 
Organic Synthesis: Functional Group ­Transformations Using SN2 Reactions
	6.15 | 
Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
	6.16 | 
The E2 Reaction
	6.17 |  
The E1 Reaction
	6.18 | 
HOW TO Determine Whether ­Substitution 
or ­Elimination is Favored
	6.19 | 
Overall Summary
7. Alkenes and Alkynes I
	7.1 | Introduction
	7.2 | 
The (E )–(Z ) System for Designating Alkene Diastereomers
	7.3 | 
Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
	7.4 | 
Cycloalkenes
	7.5 | 
Synthesis of Alkenes via Elimination Reactions
	7.6 |
 Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
	7.7 | Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols
	7.8 | 
Carbocation Stability and the Occurrence 
of ­Molecular Rearrangements
	7.9 | 
The Acidity of Terminal Alkynes
	7.10 | Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
	7.11 | 
Terminal Alkynes can be Converted to ­Nucleophiles 
for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
	7.12 | Hydrogenation of Alkenes
	7.13 | Hydrogenation: The Function of the Catalyst
	7.14 | Hydrogenation of Alkynes
	7.15 | An Introduction to Organic Synthesis
8. Alkenes and Alkynes II
	8.1 |
 Addition Reactions of Alkenes
	8.2 | 
Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes: 
Mechanism and Markovnikov’s Rule
	8.3 |  Stereochemistry of the Ionic Addition to an Alkene
	8.4 |  Addition of Water to Alkenes: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration
	8.5 | 
 Alcohols from Alkenes through Oxymercuration–Demercuration: Markovnikov Addition
	8.6 |
 Alcohols from Alkenes through Hydroboration–­Oxidation: Anti-Markovnikov Syn Hydration
	8.7 |
 Hydroboration: Synthesis of Alkylboranes
	8.8 | Oxidation and Hydrolysis of Alkylboranes
	8.9 |
 Summary of Alkene Hydration Methods
	8.10 | 
Protonolysis of Alkylboranes
	8.11 |
 Electrophilic Addition of Bromine 
and Chlorine to Alkenes
	8.12 | 
Stereospecific Reactions
	8.13 | Halohydrin Formation
	8.14 | Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn 1,2-Dihydroxylation
	8.15 | Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
	8.16 | 
Electrophilic Addition of Bromine 
and Chlorine to Alkynes
	8.17 | 
Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkynes
	8.19 | 
HOW TO Plan a Synthesis: Some Approaches 
and Examples
	8.18 | 
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes
	8.20 |
 Dimerization Of Alkene
	8.21 | 
Prins Reaction
9. Radical Reactions
	9.1 | 
Introduction: How Radicals 
Form and How They React
	9.2 | Homolytic Bond Dissociation Energies (DH °)
	9.3 | Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens
	9.4 | Chlorination of Methane: Mechanism of Reaction
	9.5 | Halogenation of Higher Alkanes
	9.6 | Reactions That Generate Tetrahedral ­Chirality Centers
	9.7 | Allylic Substitution and Allylic Radicals
	9.8 | Benzylic Substitution and Benzylic Radicals
	9.9 | 
Radical Addition to Alkenes: The Anti-Markovnikov Addition of Hydrogen Bromide
	9.10 | Other Important Radical Reactions
10. Alcohols and Ethers
	10.1 | Structure and Nomenclature
	10.2 | Physical Properties of Alcohols and Ethers
	10.3 | Synthesis of Alcohols from Alkenes
	10.4 | Reactions of Alcohols
	10.5 | Alcohols as Acids
	10.6 | Conversion of Alcohols into Alkyl Halides
	10.7 | 
Alkyl Halides from the Reaction of Alcohols 
with Hydrogen Halides
	10.8 | 
Alkyl Halides from the Reaction of Alcohols 
with PBr3 or SOCl2
	10.9 | 
Tosylates, Mesylates, and Triflates: Leaving Group Derivatives of Alcohols
	10.10 | Rearrangements
	10.11 | 
Synthesis of Ethers
	10.12 | 
Reactions of Ethers
	10.13 | 
Epoxides
	10.14 | 
Reactions of Epoxides
	10.15 | 
Anti 1,2-Dihydroxylation of Alkenes via Epoxides
	10.16 |
 Crown Ethers
11. Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds
	11.1 | 
Structure of the Carbonyl Group
	11.2 | Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Organic ­Chemistry
	11.3 | Alcohols by Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds
	11.4 | Oxidation of Alcohols
	11.5 | Organometallic Compounds
	11.6 | 
Preparation of Organolithium and ­
Organomagnesium Compounds
	11.7 | 
Reactions of Organolithium and 
Organomagnesium Compounds
	11.8 | Alcohols from Grignard Reagents
	11.9 | 
Lithium Dialkylcuprates: The Corey–Posner, 
Whitesides–House Synthesis
12. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems
	12.1 | Introduction
	12.2 | Alkadienes and Polyunsaturated Hydrocarbons
	12.3 | 1,3-Butadiene: Electron Delocalization
	12.4 | 
Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dienes: 1,4-Addition
	12.5 | 
The Diels–Alder Reaction: A 1,4-Cycloaddition 
­Reaction of Dienes
13. Aromatic Compounds
	13.1 | The Discovery of Benzene
	13.2 | Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
	13.3 | Reactions of Benzene
	13.4 | The Kekulé Structure for Benzene
	13.5 | The Thermodynamic Stability of Benzene
	13.6 | Modern Theories of the Structure of Benzene
	13.7 | Hückel’s Rule: The 4n + 2 o Electron Rule
	13.8 | Other Aromatic Compounds
	13.9 | Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
14. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
	14.1 | 
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
	14.2 | 
A General Mechanism for Electrophilic 
Aromatic Substitution
	14.3 | Halogenation of Benzene
	14.4 | Nitration of Benzene
	14.5 | Sulfonation of Benzene
	14.6 | Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
	14.7 | Friedel–Crafts Acylation
	14.8 | Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions
	14.9 | 
Synthetic Applications of Friedel–Crafts ­Acylations: 
The Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner ­Reductions
	14.10 | 
Substituents Can Affect Both the Reactivity of the Ring and the Orientation of the Incoming Group
	14.11 | 
How Substituents Affect Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: A Closer Look
	14.12 | Reactions of the Side Chain of Alkylbenzenes
	14.13 | Alkenylbenzenes
	14.14 | Synthetic Applications
	14.15 | 
Allylic and Benzylic Halides in Nucleophilic ­Substitution Reactions
	14.16 | Reduction of Aromatic Compounds
15. Aldehydes and
Ketones I. Nucleophilic Addition to the ­Carbonyl Group
	15.1 | Introduction
	15.2 | 
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
	15.3 | Physical Properties
	15.4 | Synthesis of Aldehydes
	15.5 | Synthesis of Ketones
	15.6 |
Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbon–Oxygen 
Double Bond
	15.7 | The Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals
	15.8 | The Addition of Primary and Secondary Amines
	15.9 | The Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide: Cyanohydrins
	15.10 | The Addition of Ylides: The Wittig Reaction
	15.11 | Oxidation of Aldehydes
	15.12 | The Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation
	15.13 | Chemical Analyses for Aldehydes and Ketones
16. Aldehydes and Ketones II. Aldol Reactions
	16.1 | 
The Acidity of the ` Hydrogens 
of Carbonyl ­Compounds: Enolate Anions
	16.2 | Keto and Enol Tautomers
	16.3 | Reactions via Enols and Enolates
	16.4 |
 Aldol Reactions: Addition of Enolates and Enols 
to Aldehydes and Ketones
	16.5 | Crossed Aldol Condensations
	16.6 | Cyclizations via Aldol Condensation
	16.7 | Lithium Enolates
17. Carboxylic Acids
and Their Derivatives
	17.1 | Introduction
	17.2 |
 Nomenclature and Physical Properties
	17.3 | Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
	17.4 |
 Acyl Substitution: Nucleophilic 
Addition–Elimination at the Acyl Carbon
	17.5 | Acyl Chlorides
	17.6 | Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides
	17.7 | Esters
	17.8 | Amides
	17.9 | Derivatives of Carbonic Acid
	17.10 | Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids
	17.11 | Chemical Tests for Acyl Compounds
	17.12 | 
Summary of the Reactions of Carboxylic Acids 
and Their Derivatives
18. Amines
	18.1 | Nomenclature
	18.2 | Physical Properties and Structure of Amines
	18.3 | Basicity of Amines: Amine Salts
	18.4 | Preparation of Amines
	18.5 | Reactions of Amines
	18.6 | Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
	18.7 | Replacement Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
	18.8 | Coupling Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
	18.9 | Reactions of Amines with Sulfonyl Chlorides
	18.10 | Synthesis of Sulfa Drugs
	18.11 | Eliminations Involving Ammonium Compounds
	18.12 | The Cope Elimination
	18.13 | Summary of Preparations and Reactions of Amines
19. Phenols and Aryl Halides
	19.1 | 
Structure and Nomenclature of Phenols
	19.2 | Naturally Occurring Phenols
	19.3 | Physical Properties of Phenols
	19.4 | Synthesis of Phenols
	19.5 | Reactions of Phenols as Acids
	19.6 | Other Reactions of the O—H Group of Phenols
	19.7 | Cleavage of Alkyl Aryl Ethers
	19.8 | Reactions of the Benzene Ring of Phenols
	19.9 | The Claisen Rearrangement
	19.10 | Quinones
	19.11 | 
Aryl Halides and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
20. Carbohydrates
	20.1 | Introduction
	20.2 | Monosaccharides
	20.3 | Mutarotation
	20.4 | Glycoside Formation
	20.5 | Other Reactions of Monosaccharides
	20.6 | Oxidation Reactions of Monosaccharides
	20.7 | Reduction of Monosaccharides: Alditols
	20.8 | 
Reactions of Monosaccharides with ­
Phenylhydrazine: Osazones
	20.9 | Synthesis and Degradation of Monosaccharides
	20.10 | The d Family of Aldoses
	20.11 | Fischer’s Proof of the Configuration of d-(+)-Glucose
	20.12 | Disaccharides
	20.13 | Polysaccharides
	20.14 | Other Biologically Important Sugars
	20.15 | Sugars that Contain Nitrogen
	20.16 | Carbohydrate Antibiotics
21. Amino Acids and Proteins
	21.1 | Introduction
	21.2 | Amino Acids
	21.3 | Synthesis of `-Amino Acids
	21.4 | Polypeptides and Proteins
	21.5 | Primary Structure of Polypeptides and Proteins
	21.6 | 
Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures 
of Proteins
22. Carbene and Carbenoids
	22.1 | Introduction
	22.2 | existence of carbenes
	22.3 | foRMATION Of CARBENES
	22.4 | Types of Carbenes
	22.5 | Reactions of Carbenes
	22.6 | Rearrangement in Carbenes
23. Reactions of Nitrene and Electron Deficient Oxygen
	23.1 | 
Migration to Electron Deficient Nitrogen
	23.2 | Nitrene Formation
	23.3 |
 Hofmann—Curtius—Lossen—Schmidt Group 
of Rearrangements
	23.4 | Curtius Reaction
	23.5 | Schmidt Reaction
	23.6 | Hofmann-Bromamide Reaction or Hofman Rearr
angement
	23.7 | Beckmann Rearrangement
	23.8 | Stieglitz rearrangement
24. Polymers
	24.1 |
 Some Terms Related to Polymers
	24.2 | Classification of Polymers
	24.3 | Types of Polymerization Reactions
	24.4 | 
Natural Rubber
	24.5 | 
SYNTHETIC RUBBERS
	24.6 | 
Molecular Mass of Polymers
	24.7 | 
Biodegradable Polymers
	24.8 | 
Polymers of Commercial Importance
APPENDIX A: Answers to Selected Problems
APPENDIX B: Chapterwise Solved JEE (Advanced) Questions (2011-2017)
JEE (ADVANCED) 2018
JEE Main 2019
Glossary
Index
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