Wild Product Governance: Finding Policies that Work for Non-Timber Forest Products

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes......Page 10
About the Contributors......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 22
Foreword by J. E. Michael Arn......Page 24
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 26
Introduction......Page 30
NTFPs descend into and emerge from \'invisibility\'......Page 31
The book: Wild Product Governance......Page 32
Note......Page 39
References......Page 40
Introduction......Page 44
Part 1: Brazil Nut production in Bolivia......Page 45
Part 2: Historical context: Emergence of an extractive economy at Bolivia\'s northern forest frontier......Page 48
Part 3: National reforms in the 1990s......Page 53
Recommendations......Page 63
Conclusion......Page 66
Notes......Page 67
References......Page 68
Forest policy and law regulating NTFPs in Brazil......Page 72
Towards an institutional framework for NTFPs: Ibama\'s 2006 workshop......Page 77
References......Page 80
Introduction......Page 82
Resource rights......Page 84
Forestry and environment laws......Page 86
Formal and \'informal\' taxation......Page 90
Government institutional framework......Page 92
Conclusion and recommendations......Page 93
References......Page 95
Introduction......Page 100
The main Gnetum species......Page 101
Quota system......Page 102
Recommendations......Page 103
References......Page 104
The resource: Irvingia Gabonensis and I. Wombolu (Irvingiaceae)......Page 106
Sustainability and management......Page 107
Customary and statutory regulations regarding bush mango harvest......Page 108
References......Page 111
Introduction......Page 114
National overview......Page 116
Case 1: NTFP policies in the central forest region: Lip-service to tribal interests?......Page 121
Case 2: Lamps in Karnataka: Whose cooperatives and whose produce?......Page 128
Case 3: Uppage (Garcinia Gummi-Gutta) in the Karnataka Western Ghats: Ecological complexity......Page 131
Summing up: The gap between rhetoric and reality......Page 136
Notes......Page 137
References......Page 138
Introduction......Page 142
Geography and population......Page 144
Products, users, volumes and values......Page 145
NTFP law and policy - history and current status......Page 148
The current policy environment......Page 153
Policy gaps and invisible elbows......Page 154
Getting beyond the gaps and elbows......Page 157
Conclusions......Page 159
Notes......Page 160
References......Page 161
Introduction......Page 164
Contemporary NTFP gatherers and gathering......Page 166
Legal terms of access to NTFPs......Page 168
Gathering practice and legality......Page 173
Processes and mechanisms of access......Page 175
Recommendations......Page 177
Conclusion......Page 180
References......Page 181
Introduction......Page 184
NTFPs and the ancestral domain law......Page 186
The case of rattan......Page 191
Almaciga resin in Palawan......Page 197
The seeds of empowerment......Page 202
Recommendations......Page 204
Notes......Page 209
References......Page 210
Introduction......Page 212
The people......Page 213
Changes affecting forest use and NTFP management......Page 215
External factors with major impacts on NTFPs......Page 222
Conclusion......Page 224
References......Page 225
Introduction......Page 228
References......Page 232
Personal communications......Page 233
Overview of NTFPs in Mexico......Page 234
NTFP legal framework......Page 237
Case study: Mezcal from Agave cupreata......Page 238
General conclusions and recommendations......Page 249
Notes......Page 251
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 258
Cultural values of Vesi......Page 259
Commercialization, culture and livelihoods......Page 261
Resource depletion, collapse of livelihoods and threats to a culturally important species......Page 262
National and international policy context......Page 264
Community management of indigenous forest: Social learning for implementation......Page 267
Conclusion......Page 269
References......Page 270
Introduction......Page 272
A brief history of Matsutake......Page 273
Matsutake in Yunnan......Page 276
Government regulation of forests and forest products - national and provincial levels......Page 278
County government regulation......Page 280
Village rules and local regulation......Page 282
Discussion: Multi-tiered policies for NTFP management......Page 287
Conclusion......Page 289
Notes......Page 290
References......Page 291
Introduction......Page 294
Methods......Page 295
Evolution of the Olympic peninsula\'s floral greens industry: 1920-1990......Page 297
Defining the floral greens policy problem: Poaching and unauthorized immigration......Page 301
Taking steps to resolve the tension......Page 304
Redefining the floral greens problem as a labour relations issue......Page 305
Comparisons with the wild mushroom industry in the Pacific northwest......Page 309
Conclusion......Page 311
Notes......Page 312
References......Page 313
Legislative references......Page 314
Appendix......Page 315
Finland\'s forests and changes in NTFP harvesting......Page 316
Finland\'s competitive advantage in the wild berry industry......Page 322
NTFP policy and access to resources in Finalnd, Sweden and Russia......Page 324
NTFP policy and competitive advantage: Regional challenges to wild berry markets and labour......Page 327
Implications and recommendations......Page 329
Acknowledgements......Page 331
Notes......Page 332
References......Page 333
Introduction......Page 338
The commercial development of Hoodia......Page 341
Policy frameworks for regulating the conservation, trade and use of Hoodia......Page 343
Implementation challenges......Page 348
Conclusion: Cycles of policy interventions......Page 351
References......Page 353
Introduction......Page 356
Local and regional NTFP trade......Page 357
Internationally traded NTFPs......Page 361
Conclusion......Page 367
References......Page 368
Why and how NTFP laws and policies are developed......Page 372
The policies......Page 377
The broader context: Global and regional trenda that underlie and influence NTFP law and policy......Page 386
References......Page 390
The extent of commercialization and the heterogeneity of NTFP resources, markets and stakeholders should be reflected in policies and laws......Page 396
NTFPs are part of land-use systems that include a range of activities. Regulations should reflect these inter-connected patterns of land and resource use......Page 397
Information requirements for effective laws and policies should be carefully considered before regulations are developed......Page 398
Capacity should be built in government, trader and producer communities to enable the development and implementation of eeffective NTFP policies and laws......Page 399
Many seemingly unrelated areas of law can significantly affect NTFP management, used and trade, and should be considered while developing NTFP policy and legal frameworks......Page 400
Policy frameworks should be strategic, comprehensive and coordinated across government departments......Page 401
Less is often more: NTFP regulation should be approached with a light hand......Page 402
Existing customary and local laws are often better suited to this diverse set of products and activities......Page 403
Introduction......Page 404
The NTFP law and policy literature......Page 405
Areas for further research......Page 407
Conclusion......Page 409
References......Page 410
Index......Page 414