Why We Love and Exploit Animals: Bridging Insights from Academia and Advocacy

Cover
Endorsement
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of contents
Contributors
Acknowledgments
1 Loving and Exploiting Animals: An introduction
	Contributions to this book
	References
2 The Animal In Me: Understanding what brings us closer and pushes us away from other animals
	Abstract
	The animal in all of us
	Our instinctual attraction to animals
	Our psychological attachment to animals
	Social identification with animals
	Similarity as a trigger for identification or threat?
	Animals-as-us, versus us-as-animals
	Is our relationship to animals shaped by resource concerns?
	Does culture moderate our relationship with animals?
	Seeking to separate ourselves from animals
		Exploiting animals and dissociation
		Does dissociating from animals make us worse people?
		Does connecting to the animal within make us better people?
	Conclusion
	References
3 The Psychology of Speciesism
	Abstract
	Generalized prejudice and speciesism
	Common ideological roots of speciesism and prejudice towards human groups
	Extensions of SD-HARM
	Implications for animal advocacy
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
4 Putting the “Free” Back in Freedom: The failure and future of animal welfare science
	Abstract
	Where has all the science gone?
	Animal welfare science: Some background
	Where is the “free” in the five freedoms?
	The animals speak: “Animal welfare science is not for us!”
	Incrementalism: A moral cul-de-sac?
	Welfare science: Could it work for animals?
	Putting the “free” back in freedom
	Notes
	References
5 Devaluing Animals, “Animalistic” Humans, and People Who Protect Animals
	Abstract
	Devaluing animals relative to humans
	Thinking about animals shapes thinking about “animal-like” humans
		Interspecies model of prejudice (IMP)
		Aversion to being considered animal-like
	Negative reactions toward people who reject animal exploitation
	Thinking about our relations with non-human animals
		Implications
		Take home message
	Notes
	References
6 Kittens, Pigs, Rats, and Apes: The psychology of animal metaphors
	Abstract
	Explicit animal metaphors
	Implicit animal metaphors
		The new psychology of dehumanization
		Animal metaphors and ethnicity or race
		Animal metaphors and gender
		Animal metaphors in other domains
	Implications and conclusions
	References
7 Uncanny Valley of the Apes
	Abstract
	Trouble at the border
	The next rung down
	A new dawn
	The uncanny valley
	Too much admired
	The first peak
	Note
	References
8 Why People Love Animals Yet Continue to Eat Them
	Abstract
	Biases in our thinking about animals
	Eating animals
	Animals and food: An ethical blind spot
	Mindless eating: Dissociating meat from animal
	The meat-motivated mind
	Denial and disregard: Actively avoiding the ethical implications of meat
	Rationalizing: Thinking we have good reasons
	Confronting our rationalizations
	Empathizing with animals that are eaten
	What to do?
	Waking up
	References
9 Featherless Chickens and Puppies That Glow In the Dark: Moral heuristics and the concept of animal “naturalness”
	Abstract
	Mental shortcuts affect how we think about animals
	“It’s natural” is a moral heuristic
	“Natural” and the problem of pets
	Studying perceptions of animal naturalness
	How natural is purebred poodle or an indoor cat?
	Domestication, captivity, and biotechnology
	People differ in their perceptions of animal naturalness
	Where lies the future? The blind hens’ challenge
	The natural heuristics and the ick factor
	Why the study of perceptions of animal naturalness  is important
	Notes
	References
10 Accomplishing the Most Good for Animals
	Abstract
	Difficult choices
	The big picture
	Animals in the wild
		Conventional wild animal charities target low-hanging fruit
		Wildlife rehabilitation
		A natural life
	Animals used in research
	Companion animals
	Animals raised for food
		A note on tractability
		Outreach on behalf of farmed animals
	Sustainable advocacy
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
11 The Meat Paradox
	Abstract
	Eating animals
		The eaten
		The eaters
		The eating
	Beyond the personal: Social barriers to the meat paradox
	Speculations beyond animals
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
12 How We Love and Hurt Animals: Considering cognitive dissonance in young meat eaters
	Abstract
	A brief overview of cognitive dissonance theory
	Dissonance in meat eaters
	Dissonance reduction
	Dissonance in young meat eaters
		Diet
		Love for animals
		Realizing the animal origin of meat
		Capable of experiencing dissonance
	Dissonance reduction in young meat eaters
	Speculation, future research, and implications
	Conclusion
	References
13 Humane Hypocrisies: Making killing acceptable
	Abstract
	Hypocrisies of loving and killing
	Industry propaganda
	Happy meat
	Do-it-yourself killing
	Attacking vegans
	Problems within the “animal movement”
	References
14 The End of Factory Farming: Changing hearts, minds, and the system
	Abstract
	Meat eating as part of a carnist system
		The role of wealth and power
		Coping and rationalization strategies
		Social norms and social contagion
	Towards a plant-based food system
		The role of education
		The explosive growth of the vegan food market
		Towards a kinder and just food system
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
15 Steakholders: How pragmatic strategies can make the animal protection movement more effective
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Idealism versus pragmatism
	Four ways to be pragmatic
		The ask: Incremental steps can lead to abolition
		The arguments: We do not necessarily need to lead with moral arguments
		The environment: Facilitating compassion
		The movement: Creating a bigger tent
	Conclusion
	Notes
	References
16 Animals as Social Groups: An intergroup relations analysis of human-animal conflicts
	Abstract
	Differentiating animals’ images: All animals are not the same
	An intergroup relations approach to human-animal conflicts
	Animal species as social groups
		Social stereotypes . emotions . behaviors
		Animals’ stereotype content parallels humans’ stereotype content
		Representations . emotions . behaviors
		Structural variables predicting stereotype content
		Why do we love and exploit animals?
		An example of application: Implications for conservation biology
			Animal stereotypes
			Types of behaviors and emotions
		Types of conflict
			Realistic conflict: Competition for resources
			Realistic conflict: Physical threat
			Symbolic conflict: Lifestyle, values, and culture
		Recap
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
17 The Moral March to Meatless Meals: The scripted Hebrew meat prohibitions versus the unscripted path to becoming vegetarian or vegan
	Abstract
	A month later
	A month later
	A month later
	General discussion
	Note
	Bibliography
18 The Ground of Animal Ethics
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Carol
		Matthew
		Carol
		Matthew
		Carol
		Matthew
		Carol
		Matthew
		Carol
	Acknowledgments
	Notes
	References
19 So Why Do We Love But Exploit Animals?: Reflections and solutions
	Abstract
	The nature of our problem with animals
		Animal welfare and rights
		Undervaluing animals
		Animals as competitive threats to humans
		Social identification concerning animals
		Culture as shaper of animal-relevant thoughts and actions
		Ideology and politics
		The intertwining of speciesism with human-human prejudices (e.g., racism, sexism)
	How we live with the problem rather than change our behavior
		Biases in human thinking
		Disconnected thinking about animals
		Morass of morality
		The human art of rationalization
	Reflections on solutions and remedies
		A focus on psychological constructs
		Redirecting goals
		Redirecting actions
		Education
		Tapping into and leveraging human nature
	Notes
	References
Index