Why Religion? Towards a Critical Philosophy of Law, Peace and God (Law and Religion in a Global Context, 2)

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
Introduction: Philosophical, Legal and Political Significance of a Critical Assessment of God, Ethics and Religions
	1 A Legal-Philosophical Construction: Beyond Love and Naïve Cosmopolitanism
		1.1 Love and Law: God’s Command to Love the Other
		1.2 Dworkin and Kelsen on Religious Atheism and Secular Religions
		1.3 The Questioned Secular Nature of International Law
	2 From the Myth of Secular Ethics to the Conceptual Necessity of God
	3 God as Historical and Interpretive Moral Concept
	4 Peace Matters: Legal, Ethical and Theological Approaches
	References
Peace Through Religion in Moral Philosophy and Natural Law
Jurisprudence Is About Both Divine and Human Things
	1 Introduction and Thesis
	2 Explanation of Terms
	3 Justinian’s Jurisprudence
	4 Cases: Devlin, Finnis, Bańkowski, Doe. Axiological Struggle
		4.1 Devlin
		4.2 Finnis
		4.3 Bańkowski
		4.4 Doe
	5 Jurisprudence Nowadays
	6 Two Levels of the Sacred in Law and the Science of Law
		6.1 The Level of Regulation of Life
		6.2 The Level of the Cosmos
		6.3 The Concept of Divine Jurisprudence
	7 Jurisprudence of the Two Wings. The Two Wings of Jurisprudence: The Human and the Divine
	8 Conclusions
	References
Arthur F. Utz’s Thomism: Domestic Peace as Social Justice
	1 A Thomist Account of Social Justice
	2 A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words
	3 A Thomist Critique of Liberalism
	4 Social Justice and Commutative Justice
	5 Make Peace, Not War
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Philosophical and Theological Aspects in the Thought of Johannes Althusius
	1 Historical Context of the Thought of Johannes Althusius
	2 Philosophical Aspects of the Work of Althusius
	3 Theological Aspects of Althusius’s Work
	4 Final Considerations
	References
Living Well Together: Insights from a Philosopher, a Theologian and a Legal Scholar
	1 Introduction
	2 A Yearning for the Transcendent
	3 Alternate Visions of Faith
	4 Living in Community
	5 Conclusion
	References
Secular Peace Through Universal 	Religions
A Theological Justification for Freedom of Religion and Belief as a Universal Right
	1 Introduction
	2 FoRB as a Universal Legal Right
	3 Theoretical Underpinnings of FoRB
	4 FoRB—The Lack of Universal Application
		4.1 Empirical Evidence
		4.2 Evidence from Case Law
		4.3 Theological Challenges
		4.4 Conclusions on the Evidence
	5 A Theological Justification for FoRB as a Universal Right
		5.1 Common and Special Grace
		5.2 Pre-Reformation and Roman Catholic Theology
		5.3 Reformation Theology
		5.4 Common Grace and FoRB as a Universal Right
	6 What Can the Doctrine of Common Grace Add to the Debate?
		6.1 Ongoing Abuse of Human Rights
		6.2 Individualism
		6.3 Secularism and the Idolatry of Rights Theory
		6.4 Jurisprudence: The Forum Internum/Forum Externum Divide and Equality
		6.5 Relativism
	7 Where Does Dialogue Lead? Resolving Rights Clashes: Dooyeweerd and Normative Institutional Pluralism
		7.1 Dooyeweerd and Normative Institutional Pluralism
		7.2 Normative Institutional Pluralism and Enkaptic Interlacement
	8 Conclusion
	References
Islam, Europe, and the Problem of Peace
	1 Europe and the Problem of Islam
	2 Islam and the Force of Law
	3 Islam and the Problem of Europe
	4 Conclusion
	References
Humanity as the Ground for Universal Human Rights in Islamic Law
	1 Introduction
	2 Grounding Human Rights: Legal Reasoning in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence
	3 Grounding Human Rights: Scriptural Reasoning from the Qur’ān and the Ḥadīth
		3.1 The Qur’ān on Universal Human Rights
		3.2 The Medina Document or the Medina Constitution
		3.3 The Farewell Sermon of Prophet Muhammad
	4 The Practice: Classical and the Late Ottoman Experiences
	5 Challenges Muslim World Face Today
	6 Conclusion
	References
Peace and Religious Beliefs 	in International Jurisprudence
The Sollen as Otherwise than Being. Notes on Hermann Cohen, Hans Kelsen and Emmanuel Lévinas
	1 Introduction
	2 Kelsen, Cohen and Normative Science: Notes on Religion, Natural Law and Moral Relativism
		2.1 Kelsen on Religion and Cohen’s Theory
		2.2 The Fragility of Kelsen’s Arguments Against Cohen
	3 Kelsen and the Theory of Bellum Justum: The Sein of the State Versus the Sollen of International Law
		3.1 The Theory of Just War and the Legal Nature of International Relations
		3.2 The Sollen of International Law as the Aufgabe of Legal Knowledge
	4 Kelsen, with Lévinas, Toward Peace: Basic Norm, God’s Will and the I-Thou Philosophy
		4.1 The Basic Norm as the Meaning of an Act of Will Otherwise than Being
		4.2 God, the Text, and the Human Determination of Normative Contents
		4.3 From the Transcendental Postulate of Basic Norm to the Ethical Experience of God and Peace
	5 Conclusion
	References
From Rosa Luxemburg to Hersch Lauterpacht: An Ostjüdische Heritage in International Law?
	1 Introduction
	2 Jews and International Law Between East and West
	3 “I, Crooked Westjude” Versus the “We Authentic Ostjuden”
	4 Comparative Possibilities?
	5 International Cosmopolitanism Between East and West—Conclusions
	References
Law, Secularism, and the Evolution of the ‘Human’ in International Legal Discourse and Global Governance
	1 Introduction
	2 Foundations
	3 Cosmopolitan Thought and International Law
	4 Laws of War and Their Normative Social Contract Implications
	5 The New Versus the Old World Order
	6 Humanization of International Law
	7 Humanity, Social Contract, and Positive Accounts of Law
	8 The Natural Law Response
	9 From Domestic to International Legal Order
	10 Kelsen and the Pure Theory of Law
	11 Conclusion
	References
The Political/Religious Dimension 	of Dramatic Social Events
Blake’s Dialectical Theism
	1 Introduction
	2 Blake’s Conception of God
	3 Blake’s Prophecy and Dialectical Theism
	4 Conclusions
	References
Some Remarks on “Adulthood” in Walter Benjamin’s Experience and Poverty
	1 Brief Methodological Remarks
	2 A Kantian Benjamin
	3 Tutelage and Politics—Conclusions
	References
The Dreyfus Affair and the Rise of Political Religion in France
	1 The Conviction and Trial of Alfred Dreyfus
	2 The Polarization of Society into Two Political Camps
	3 The Emergence of Opposing Ideological Narratives
	4 The Effects on the Place of Religion in the French Political Life
	5 Charles Maurras and the Rise of Anti-modernist Political Catholicism
	6 Conclusions
	References