Why Does Policy Change: Lessons from British Transport Policy 1945-95 (Routledge Studies in Governance and Public Policy)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Humble British origins: analysing stability......Page 11
Incentives and costs of group participation......Page 13
Britain: the shift from ‘governing under pressure’ to ‘policy communities under pressure’......Page 17
Alternative national venues......Page 21
The EU as an alternative venue......Page 23
Ideas as ‘policy viruses’: policy communities die or mutate?......Page 24
Why does policy change? Chief themes and structure of the book......Page 28
The role of separate policy arenas as institutions which act asinstruments of ‘third order’ policy change......Page 29
The role of individuals as key agents of ‘third order’ policy change......Page 30
The significance of time as an independent or a dependent variable......Page 31
The paradox of the ‘hollow core’......Page 34
Ideas, policy streams and policy windows......Page 36
Advocacy coalitions as instruments of radical change......Page 38
Frustrating a ‘clear home run’......Page 42
Regulation and nationalisation......Page 43
The 1955 modernisation plan: coupling problems and policies......Page 45
The line closures problem and policy ‘frames’......Page 50
The Stedeford Committee and coupling the policy streams......Page 53
Building an advocacy coalition......Page 60
The ‘Reshaping of British Railways’ report: the policy ‘solution’ made manifest......Page 63
Implementing the Beeching ‘solution’ while uncoupling Beeching the individual......Page 68
The ‘hollow core’ and the Beeching legacy......Page 73
The making of a hegemonic policy community......Page 76
Ministers as policy and ideas entrepreneurs......Page 78
The road lobby and policy failure 1900–39......Page 80
An idea in waiting 1945–54......Page 84
Completing the advocacy coalition 1954–5......Page 89
Harold Watkinson: Transport Minister and ‘roads doctor’......Page 97
Constructing motorways and policy communities......Page 103
Determining the dynamics of a hegemonic policy community......Page 114
The early environmental advocacy coalition and policy change......Page 117
Strengthening the hegemonic roads policy community 1960–72......Page 119
Exploiting a policy window: 1973–5......Page 126
Public inquiries as ‘arenas without rules’......Page 129
Cracks in the hegemonic roads policy community 1973–6......Page 134
Bill Rodgers as Transport Secretary 1976–9: policy change and the moderates’ moderator......Page 138
Weakening the hegemonic roads policy community: ideas and individuals......Page 144
A more effective winning advocacy coalition......Page 146
Roads for Prosperity 1980–90......Page 151
Environmental ideas and the search for new arenas 1990–2......Page 155
The political potency of sustainable development......Page 158
Twyford Down, Oxleas Wood and intimations of mortality for Roads for Prosperity 1992–3......Page 162
A new consolidated environmental advocacy coalition......Page 167
The roads hegemony hangs on: 1993–4......Page 171
Transport Secretary Brian Mawhinney: ‘aggressive moderation’ 1994–5......Page 180
Rounding up ‘third order’ change 1995–7......Page 188
Labour and an integrated transport policy: the ‘Great Debate’ continued......Page 194
The power of the privatisation idea......Page 199
The post-Beeching survival of the rail ‘hollow core’......Page 202
Transport and transplanting the privatisation idea......Page 205
Inserting the rail privatisation idea......Page 208
The battle to occupy the ‘hollow core’ 1991–2......Page 215
Transplanting the rail privatisation idea......Page 223
The triumph of the privatisation idea......Page 227
Ideas and individuals as independent variables......Page 230
Ideas and interests: disentangling causality......Page 232
Institutions and ideas: arenas as instruments of change......Page 236
Individuals: mobility matters......Page 238
Time and the dynamics of policy stability and change......Page 240
Bibliography......Page 242
Index......Page 253