Who’s Driving Electric Cars: Understanding Consumer Adoption and Use of Plug-in Electric Cars

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Introduction: Understanding the Development of the Market for Electric Vehicles • Marcello Contestabile and Thomas Turrentine
	Why This Book
	Who It Is for
	What It Covers
North America
	Electric Cars in California: Policy and Behavior Perspectives • Gil Tal, Ken Kurani, Alan Jenn, Debapriya Chakraborty, Scott Hardman and Dahlia Garas
		The Evolution of PEV Policy in California and the US
			The Genesis of the ZEV Mandate
			Development of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
			Actors Supporting the PEV Market
			Policy Evolution Post ZEV Mandate
		Selected Studies of the PEV Market in California
			Who Is Buying Electric Vehicles in California?
			Understanding the Effect of Electric Vehicle Incentives
			Demand Drivers for Plug-in Vehicle Charging Infrastructure
		References
	What Conversations Between PEV Owners and Owners of Non-PEVs in California Tell Us About Sustaining a Transition • Ken Kurani
		Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Growth?
		A Failure to Instigate Broader Consumer Engagement with PEVs Is a Barrier to Continued Market Growth
		Can PEV Owners Help Accelerate PEV Market Growth?
			General Approach
			Workshop Results
			PEV Costs
			PEV Charging Infrastructure
			Overall Responses of Non-PEV Owners: Learning the Signs of PEVs
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Gasoline Savings from Electric Vehicles in the US • Tamara L. Sheldon and Rubal Dua
		Introduction
		Background
		Data
		Vehicle Choice Model
		Counterfactual Analysis
			Fuel Savings from PEV Adoption Incentives
			Caveat: CAFE/GHG Standards
			Caveat: The Rebound Effect
		Conclusion
		References
	The Present and Future Market for PEVs in Canada: Evidence from a Mixed-Method Research Program • Jonn Axsen and Zoe Long
		Introduction
		Rationale for a Reflexive, Mixed-Method Research Approach
		Overview of the Research Program
			The Case of Canada: PEV Sales and Policy
		Qualitative Results: Semi-structured Interviews with Pioneers and Mainstream Consumers
			Insights from PEV Pioneers
			Insights from Mainstream Consumers
		Quantitative Results: Large-Scale Surveys with Mainstream Consumers
		Modeling Results: Simulating PEV Sales in the Real-World with the REPAC Model
		Informing Policy Evaluation: The PEV Policy Report Card
		Conclusions
		References
Europe
	Norway—The World Leader in BEV Adoption • Erik Figenbaum
		Introduction
		Data Sources—Consumer Adoption of BEVs
		Favorable Conditions, but Rough Winters
		A Multi-level Perspective on BEV Adoption
			Theoretical Approach and Main Results
			Local Testing and Industrialization Efforts—1990 to 1999
			Optimism, Dismay and Renewed Hope—2000 to 2009
			The Modern BEV Jump Starts the Market—2010 to 2018
			ICEV Regime Exploiting the Window of Opportunity
		Extreme Incentives Give Extreme Results
		Experiences and Opportunities with BEVs
		Plugging into the Electric Future
		Relation to Other Societal Targets
		Extreme Outlier or a Lab to Learn from?
		References
	Plug-in (Hybrid) Electric Vehicle Adoption in the Netherlands: Lessons Learned • RickWolbertus and Robert van den Hoed
		Introduction
		Dutch Context on E-mobility
			Purchase Incentive Scheme
			Electric Vehicle Sales
			Roll-Out of Charging Infrastructure
		Effectiveness of PEV Adoption Support Policies
			Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles Utilizaton
			Secondary Effects
			Charging Infrastructure Utilization
			Utilization Rate
		Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	What Can Driving Patterns Reveal About the Suitability of PEVs in Sweden? Analysis and Policy Implications • Frances Sprei
		Introduction
		Swedish Incentives Related to PEVs
		Methods and Data Used
		Lessons Learned from Flex-Fuel Vehicles
		How Well Suited are BEVs for Swedish Consumers and Their Driving Patterns?
			Driving Patterns
			Economic Viability
		Looking Closer at Two-Car Households
			Comparing the First and Second Car of a Household
			The Role of Flexibility
			How Do Two-Car Households Use a BEV?
		Conclusions
		References
	Beyond Consumer Innovators: Adoption of Plug-in Vehicles by Mainstream Consumers in the U.K. • Stephen Skippon and George Beard
		Introduction
		The Importance of Mainstream Consumer PEV Adoption
		Who Are Mainstream Consumers?
		The Problem of Psychological Distance
		The Problem of the Hawthorne Effect
		The Influence of Symbolism and Self-congruity
		The Bed of Procrustes
		Understanding Mainstream Consumers’ Own Perspectives: Findings from Qualitative Research
			Cost Minimization
			Vehicle Confidence
			Vehicle Adaptation Demands
			Environmental Beliefs
			Impression Management
			PEVs as a Work in Progress
		A 2019 Perspective on Graham-Rowe et al.’s Qualitative Research
		Measuring Mainstream Consumers’ Likelihood to Adopt a BEV After Direct Experience of Using One
			Willingness to Consider Having a BEV
			Symbolic Meaning and Self-congruity
		What Have We Learned?
		Where Next?
		References
	Electric Vehicle Adoption in Germany: Current Knowledge and Future Research • Patrick Plötz and Elisabeth Dütschke
		Introduction
			The German Car Market and Automotive Industry
			Chapter Overview
		The Current State of PEV Adoption
			PEV Market Overview
			Private PEV Users
			Fleet PEV Users
			Company Car PEV Users
		PEV Usage
			Annual Vehicle Kilometers Travelled
			Electric Driving of PHEVs
			User Experience with PEVs
		Drivers and Barriers to PEV Adoption
			Barriers and Drivers by User Group
			Charging Infrastructure
			Policies
		Recommendations for Future Research
			Market Diffusion
			Next Adopters
			Freight Vehicles
			Other Technologies and Mobility Services
		References
China
	China’s Booming Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market—How Will It Continue? • Shiqi Ou, Zhenhong Lin, Xin He, Steven Przesmitzki, Zhixin Wu, Jihu Zheng, Renzhi Lv and Liang Qi
		Introduction—Recent Fast Growth
			China’s PEV Market Is Growing Rapidly
			Will It Continue?
			Chapter Structure
		Policy Has Been the Biggest Driver
			Government Policy Phases
			Monetary Incentives—Purchase Subsidies
		Nonmonetary Incentives
			Vehicle License Plate Registration Privilege
			Dual-Credit Policy
			Market Dynamics Simulated by NEOCC
		Local Government Incentives
			Monetary Incentives from Local Governments
			Other Local Government Incentives
		Consumer Concerns in China’s PEV Market
			BEV Range Anxiety
			Charging Infrastructure
			Ownership Costs of Home-Charging
			Battery Performance
			Market Competition—Who Wins the Consumers?
		Conclusions
		References
	Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Research on Consumer in Six Cities in China • Yan Xing, Gil Tal and Yunshi Wang
		Introduction
		Conceptual Model and Literature Review
			Conceptual Model
			Policy Background
			Literature on Factors Associated with PEV Adoption
		Methodology
			Survey Sampling and Administration
			Analytical Methods
		Results
			Summary of the Survey from Six Cities
			Model Results of Explanatory Analysis
			Findings from Qualitative Analysis
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
Conclusions
	Lessons Learned and Future Prospects • Marcello Contestabile
		What Have We Learned?
			Who Has Already Adopted PEVs?
			What Is Keeping Others From Adopting PEVs?
			How Long Does the Range of a BEV Need to Be?
			How Important Is Public Charging Infrastructure?
			Are PHEVs Important for Achieving High Levels of PEV Penetration?
			To What Extent Are PHEVs Really Driven on Electricity?
			How Easily Can Leading Markets Be Replicated?
			How Long Do Governments Need to Incentivise PEVs?
		What Next?