Where Has Social Justice Gone?: From Equality to Experimentation

Foreword
	Philosophy and Sociology of Justice
	The Limits of an Outline
	The Tensions of Experience
	Injustice and Action
	Are All Causes Just?
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
General Introduction: Multidisciplinary Models and Trial–and-Error Sociology
	Introduction
	Pluralisation and Concretisation of Debates
		Pluralisation and Its Challenges
		The Angel of Philosophy at the Cradle of Social Justice
		The Approach Through Social Psychology and Economics
		A Sociology of Social Justice?
	Historicisation and Politicisation of the Issues
		The Socio-Historical Framework of Social Justice
		Malaise in Equality
		Merit and Performance: Mechanism or Ideology?
		Non-Sociological Merit
	Detecting Practices
	About the Structure of the Present Work
	References
Part I: Social Justice and Its Analytical Crisis
	1: Between Justice and Goodness: Anti-Relativist Interaction in the Sociology of Social Justice
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 Axiological Neutrality and Sociology of Social Justice
			1.2.1	 A Dialogue Between Philosophers and Sociologists
			1.2.2	 “Axiologically Located” Sociologies
		1.3	 Sociology as a Moral Science
			1.3.1	 Morality, Modernity and Reason
			1.3.2	 The Contemporary Relocalisation of the “Foundations”
		1.4	 Imperative Perspective and Attractive Perspective
			1.4.1	 The Debate Imposes Reason
			1.4.2	 Motivation Comes from the Good!
		1.5	 Putting the Two Sides of Morality Back Together
			1.5.1	 One-Eyed Perspectives
			1.5.2	 When One “Side” Is Subordinated to the Other
			1.5.3	 When Goodness and Justice Clash
		1.6	 Conclusion
		References
	2: The Degrees of Social Justice: Micro, Mezzo and Macro social Levels
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 The Degrees of Social Justice, or Calling into Question the Founding Orientation of the Empirical Approach
		2.3	 How Do We Go from Moral Philosophy to Daily and Partial Judgements?
		2.4	 The Contributions of the Founding Disciplines: How Economics and Social Psychology Deal with the Question of Degrees of Justice
		2.5	 And What Is Sociology’s Role in All This?
		2.6	 Conclusion
		References
	3: Methodological Approaches to Social Justice: Results and Challenges for a Socio-historical Perspective
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 The Quantitative Analysis of Perceptions of Justice
		3.3	 Limitations of Quantitative Methods in the Study of Ideas of Justice
		3.4	 Qualitative Methods and Understanding Representations of Social Justice Over Time
		3.5	 The Problem of Validation: Combination of Approaches in the Study of Justice as a Socio-historic Process
		3.6	 The Problem of Interpretation
		3.7	 Conclusion
		References
	4: The Middle Class and the Welfare State: A Conditional Loyalty?
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Middle Classes and Welfare State: From Honeymoon to Rising Doubts
		4.3	 Measuring Middle-Class Support for the Welfare State
		4.4	 Continued Loyalty Despite Mounting Criticism
		4.5	 Conclusion
		References
	5: “French-Style” Parity and Diversity: The Temptation of Inclusion Conditioned by Performance for “Non-brothers”
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Equality in the Twenty-First Century: The End of the Legal and Political Cycle?
			5.2.1	 Contemporary Antifeminism or the Continuing Legacy of Complementarity Between the Sexes
			5.2.2	 Politics Transcends Culture and Economics
		5.3	 The Performance of “mixité”: Commodification of Equality
			5.3.1	 Promoting Parity and Diversity: Inclusion Conditioned by Performance
			5.3.2	 Equality as Social Investment
		5.4	 Conclusion: Parity and Diversity or the Temptation of a Modern Capacity-Based Citizenship
		References
	6: Attitudes to Justice and Injustice in the Company: Recruiters Faced with the Theme of Non-discrimination and Diversity
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 The Metamorphoses of Recognition of Discrimination in France: An Area of Tension
			6.2.1	 The Era of Uncertain Links Between Social Inequality and Racism
			6.2.2	 The Impetus from an Ambiguous Anti-discrimination Dynamic
		6.3	 The Business World Makes Its Entrance: Non-discrimination and/or Diversity?
		6.4	 The Hesitations of Recruiters Regarding Non-discrimination and Diversity
			6.4.1	 Constellation 1: To See or Not to See Difference
			6.4.2	 Constellation 2: Between a Natural Order in the Company and Controlled Management of Difference
			6.4.3	 Constellation 3: Display and Invisibility of Random Forms of Action
		6.5	 Conclusion
		References
	7: Performance Evaluation: A Key Element of Recognition at Work
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 A Change of Perspective
		7.3	 The Injunction to Surpass Oneself
		7.4	 Which Measurement Indicators?
		7.5	 When Intentions and Practices Collide
		7.6	 Conclusion: Can the Promise of and Demand for Recognition Be Reconciled?
		References
Part II: The Tinkering of Justice in Action
	8: Constructing an Environmental Justice Framework for the Analysis of Environmental Inequalities
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Rethinking Environmental Issues in Terms of Inequality and Justice
		8.3	 Environmental Justice: From Social Movement to Academic Discipline
		8.4	 Heuristic Controversies
		8.5	 An Original Analytical Framework
			8.5.1	 Defining and Analysing Environmental Inequalities Inclusively
			8.5.2	 An Integrative Theoretical Approach
		8.6	 Conclusion
		References
	9: Spatial and Environmental Justice
		9.1	 Introduction: A Recent Concept in Geography
		9.2	 How to Think About Spatial and Environmental Justice?
		9.3	 Justice and Spatial Scales
		9.4	 Spatial Planning: Producing Justice
		9.5	 Conclusion
		References
	10: Questioning Social Justice in the Light of Cosmopolitanism
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Justice Confined Within Borders?
		10.3	 The Inevitability of Cosmopolitan Justice
		10.4	 Cosmopolitanism in Debate
		10.5	 Against Global Inequalities… Pursuing Our Own Interest?
		10.6	 Conclusions
	11: Undocumented, Unschooled? Trial and Error in the Migrant Justice Movement in Quebec
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Decisive Local Factors in an Imported Cause
			11.2.1	 Emergence of a Militant World
			11.2.2	 Opening up New Perspectives
		11.3	 Trial-and-Error Recruitment: Which Direction for the Cause?
			11.3.1	 Independence Out of the Spotlight
			11.3.2	 Family Resemblance at the Margins
		11.4	 The Cause Takes Root
			11.4.1	 Can a Movement Be “for” But “Without”?
			11.4.2	 Media Bluff
			11.4.3	 The Victims’ Stories: Forced Into the Limelight
		11.5	 Conclusion
		References
	12: Hacking: A Compartmentalised Social Justice Project
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Hacking Between Utopian Communities and Individual Success
			12.2.1	 Hackers Who “Make It”
			12.2.2	 The People’s Hackers
		12.3	 Hacktivism, an Outgrowth of the Movement of Mass Education
			12.3.1	 Remoteness from Politics and Self-Serving Commitments
			12.3.2	 A Commitment to Make Hacking Better Known and to Share Knowledge with Fellow Citizens
		12.4	 Conclusion: A Compartmentalised Project of Justice
		References
Part III: In situ Reinvention of Political or Religious Transcendence
	13: Militancy and Religious Feeling in the Younger Generations of the Landless Workers’ Movement in Brazil
		13.1	 The Political Culture of the MST: Christian Roots and Socialism
		13.2	 Liberation Theology: Organising the People, Underlining the Value of the Person
			13.2.1	 Signs and Emblems
			13.2.2	 Highlighting Popular Culture
			13.2.3	 A Grammar of Affection at the Basis of the Community
		13.3	 Turning an Occupation Into a “Sublime Action”
			13.3.1	 Affronting Private Property and Accepting Death
			13.3.2	 Bringing “Love and Joy” to Life Through the Experience of the Mística
		13.4	 Conclusion
		References
	14: Religious Congregations as Safe Spaces: Dolores Mission Church and the Struggle for Social Justice in Los Angeles
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 The Church of the Gang Members
		14.3	 Politicising Religious Sociability
		14.4	 Selecting the Right Leaders
		14.5	 Mobilising the Community
		14.6	 Defending the Interests of Which Community?
	15: The Social History of Three Configurations of Social Justice in Turkey
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 1960–2002: The Struggle for Redistribution and Refusal to Recognise National Minorities
		15.3	 The AKP Era: Redefining Social Assistance and Continuing Hostility to Diversity
		15.4	 The HDP: Reconciliating Redistribution and Recognition of Minorities
		15.5	 Conclusion
		References
	16: The “Popular Base” of Islamic Fundamentalist Movements. The Case of Hezbollah in Lebanon
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Civil Society and Hezbollah: Religion and Armed Resistance as a Means of Building a Popular Base
		16.3	 Gradual Integration Into the Lebanese Sectarian State to Become the First Shi’a Political Representative
		16.4	 A Changing Social Base
		16.5	 Hezbollah Neoliberal Policies
		16.6	 Hezbollah and the Social Issue
		16.7	 Conclusion
		References
	17: ‘México en llamas’: Political Utopia and ‘taking justice into one’s own hands’ in Times of War
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 From Alterity to Political Alternative: The Zapatista Good Government Councils
			17.2.1	 The Zapatista “opening”
			17.2.2	 Observing Zapatista “good government”
		17.3	 The Other Way of Doing Politics in Response to War: Arming for Self-defence
		17.4	 Seeking the Truth in Order to Obtain Social Justice: Ayotzinapa and the Search for the Disappeared
		17.5	 Conclusion
		References
	18: Educational Controversies and Social Justice Issues
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Progressive Education Faced with the Ideal of Social Justice
			18.2.1	 Ambivalence of Progressive Education in Support of the Workers’ Movement
		18.3	 French Education and the Challenge of Broadening Secondary School Access
		18.4	 New Teaching Practices Confronted with the Empirical Sciences
			18.4.1	 New Teaching Practices and the Sociology of Social Inequality
			18.4.2	 New Learning Practices and Effective Teaching
		18.5	 Conclusion
		References
	19: The Resistance Economy: A Holistic Engagement Against the Occupation in Palestine?
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 Occupation, Sovereignty and Economic Resistance
			19.2.1	 A Political Critique of Neoliberalism in the Context of Colonial Occupation
			19.2.2	 The Necessity of a Fair, Local Economy
		19.3	 Politicizing the Economy: Towards Another Society and New Political Subjectivities
			19.3.1	 Democratizing the Economy, Reclaiming Resources
			19.3.2	 Remaking Society
		19.4	 Conclusion
		References
Postscript: Social Justice Is Relatively Useful
Postface: Sociology, Social Justice and Emancipation—Towards an Epistemological Compass, Between Fog, Dispersion and Reproblematisation
	Introduction: On the Age and Some of Its Issues
	Sociological Problems from the Social Justice Viewpoint
	Social Justice, at the Intersection of the Social Sciences and Emancipatory Action
	Conclusion
		Towards a Conflictual Alliance Between the Sociology of Social Justice and Social Movements
References
Author Index
Subject Index