WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY,PHYSIOLOGY, AND OCCLUSION

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IFC
WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY,PHYSIOLOGY, AND OCCLUSION
WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND OCCLUSION
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
1 - Introduction to Dental Anatomy
	Pretest Questions
	Formation of the Dentitions (Overview)
	Nomenclature
	Formulae for Mammalian Teeth
	Tooth Numbering Systems
		Crown and Root
		Surfaces and Ridges
		Other Landmarks
	Division Into Thirds, Line Angles, and Point Angles
	Tooth Drawing and Carving
	Measurement of Teeth
	Pretest Answers
2 - Development and Eruption of the Teeth
	Pretest Questions
	Clinical Considerations
	Variability
	Malformations
	Chronology of Primary Dentition
	Development and Eruption/Emergence of the Teeth
		Primary Teeth
			Crown and Root Development
	Dentitions
		Prenatal/Perinatal/Postnatal Development
		Development of the Primary Dentition
		Sequence of Emergence of Primary Teeth
		Emergence of the Primary Teeth
	Neuromuscular Development
		Primary Dentition
	Transitional (Mixed) Dentition Period
	Loss of Primary Teeth
	Permanent Dentition
	Size of Teeth
	Dental Pulp
	Cementoenamel Junction
	Dental Age
	Tooth Formation Standards
	Chronologies of Human Dentition
	Types of Chronologies
	Stages of Tooth Formation
	Age of Attainment
	Age Prediction
	Maturity Assessment
	Duration of Root and Crown Formation
	Summary of Chronologies
	Sequence of Eruption
	Estimating Time of Enamel Hypoplasia
	Pretest Answers
3 - The Primary (Deciduous) Teeth
	Pretest Questions
	Life Cycle
	Importance of Primary Teeth
	Nomenclature
	Major Contrasts Between Primary and Permanent Teeth
	Pulp Chambers and Pulp Canals
	Detailed Description of Each Primary Tooth
		Maxillary Central Incisor
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial and Distal Aspects
			Incisal Aspect
		Maxillary Lateral Incisor
		Maxillary Canine
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
		Mandibular Central Incisor
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
		Mandibular Lateral Incisor
		Mandibular Canine
		Maxillary First Molar
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
				Summary of the Occlusal Aspect of the Maxillary First
		Maxillary Second Molar
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
		Mandibular First Molar
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
		Mandibular Second Molar
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
4 - Forensics, Comparative Anatomy, Geometries, and Form and Function
	Pretest Questions
	Forensic Dentistry
		Jaws and Teeth
		Chronologic Age
		Dental DNA
		Bitemarks
	Comparative Dental Anatomy
		Tooth Form and Jaw Movements
		Geometries of Crown Outlines
	Facial and Lingual Aspects of All Teeth
		Mesial and Distal Aspects of the Anterior Teeth
		Mesial and Distal Aspects of the Maxillary Posterior Teeth
		Mesial and Distal Aspects of the Mandibular Posterior Teeth
	Summary of Schematic Outlines
		Triangles
		Trapezoids
		Rhomboids
	Form and Function of the Permanent Dentition
	Alignment, Contacts, and Occlusion
		Interproximal Form
		Root Form
		Occlusal Curvature
	Pretest Answers
5 - Orofacial Complex: Form and Function
	Pretest Questions
	Form and Function
	Form Follows Function
	Articulation of Teeth
	Physiologic Form of the Teeth and Periodontium
	Fundamental Curvatures
	Proximal Contact Areas
	Interproximal Spaces (Formed by Proximal Surfaces in Contact)
	Embrasures (Spillways)
	Contact Areas and Incisal and Occlusal Embrasures From the Labial and Buccal Aspect
		Maxillary Teeth
			Central Incisors
			Central and Lateral Incisors
			Lateral Incisor and Canine
			Canine and First Premolar
			First and Second Premolars
			Second Premolar and First Molar
			First and Second and Second and Third Molars
		Mandibular Teeth
			Central Incisors
			Central and Lateral Incisors
			Lateral Incisor and Canine
			Canine and First Premolar
			First and Second Premolars
			Second Premolar and First Molar
			First and Second and Second and Third Molars
	Contact Areas and Labial, Buccal, and Lingual Embrasures From the Incisal and Occlusal Aspects
		Maxillary Teeth
			Central Incisors
			Central and Lateral Incisors
			Lateral Incisor and Canine
			Canine and First Premolar
			First and Second Premolars
			Second Premolar and First Molar
			First and Second and Second and Third Molars
		Mandibular Teeth
			Central Incisors and Central and Lateral Incisors
			Lateral Incisor and Canine
			Canine and First Premolar
			First and Second Premolars
			Second Premolar and First Molar
			First and Second Molars
			Second and Third Molars
	Facial and Lingual Contours at the Cervical Thirds (Cervical Ridges) and Lingual Contours at the Middle Thirds of Crowns
		Summary of Physiologic Contours of Tooth Crowns, Facially and Lingually
	Height of Epithelial Attachment: Curvatures of the Cervical Lines (Cementoenamel Junction) Mesially and Distally
	Pretest Answers
6 - The Permanent Maxillary Incisors
	Pretest Questions
	Maxillary Central Incisor
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Central Incisor From All Aspects
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
	Maxillary Lateral Incisor
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Lateral Incisor From All Aspects
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
7 - The Permanent Mandibular Incisors
	Pretest Questions
	Mandibular Central Incisor
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular Central Incisor From All Aspects
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
	Mandibular Lateral Incisor
		Brief Description of the Mandibular Lateral Incisor From All Aspects
			Labial and Lingual Aspects
			Mesial and Distal Aspects
			Incisal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
8 - The Permanent Canines: Maxillary and Mandibular
	Pretest Questions
	Maxillary Canine
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Canine From All Aspects
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
	Mandibular Canine
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular Canine From All Aspects
			Labial Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Incisal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
9 - The Permanent Maxillary Premolars
	Pretest Questions
	Maxillary First Premolar
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary First Premolar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Maxillary Second Premolar
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Second Premolar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
10 - The Permanent Mandibular Premolars
	Pretest Questions
	Mandibular First Premolar
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular First Premolar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Mandibular Second Premolar
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular Second Premolar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
11 - The Permanent Maxillary Molars
	Pretest Questions
	Maxillary First Molar
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary First Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Maxillary Second Molar
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Second Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Maxillary Third Molar
		Detailed Description of the Maxillary Third Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
12 - The Permanent Mandibular Molars
	Pretest Questions
	Mandibular First Molar
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular First Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Mandibular Second Molar
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular Second Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Mandibular Third Molar
		Detailed Description of the Mandibular Third Molar From All Aspects
			Buccal Aspect
			Lingual Aspect
			Mesial Aspect
			Distal Aspect
			Occlusal Aspect
	Pretest Answers
13 - Pulp Chambers and Canals
	Pretest Questions
	Pulp, Chamber, and Canals
	Radiographs
		Size of the Pulp Cavity
	Foramen
	Demarcation of Pulp Cavity and Canal
	Pulp Horns
	Clinical Applications
	Pulp Cavities of the Maxillary Teeth
		Maxillary Central Incisor
			Labiolingual Section (see Fig. 13.8A)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.8B)
			Cervical and Midroot Cross Sections (see Fig. 13.8C and D)
		Maxillary Lateral Incisor
			Labiolingual Section (Fig. 13.9A)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.9B)
			Cervical and Midroot Cross Sections (see Fig. 13.9C and D)
		Maxillary Canine
			Labiolingual Section (Fig. 13.10A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.10B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.10C)
		Maxillary First Premolar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.11A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.11B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.11C)
		Maxillary Second Premolar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.12A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.12B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.12C)
		Maxillary First Molar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.13A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.13B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.13C)
			Midroot Cross Section (see Fig. 13.13C)
		Maxillary Second Molar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.14A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.14B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.14C)
			Midroot Cross Section (see Fig. 13.14C)
		Maxillary Third Molar
	Pulp Cavities of the Mandibular Teeth
		Mandibular Central Incisor
			Labiolingual Section (see Fig. 13.16A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.16B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.16C)
		Mandibular Lateral Incisor
			Labiolingual Section (Fig. 13.18A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.18B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.18C)
		Mandibular Canine
			Labiolingual Section (Fig. 13.19A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.19B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.19C)
		Mandibular First Premolar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.20A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.20B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.20C)
		Mandibular Second Premolar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.21A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.21B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.21C)
		Mandibular First Molar
			Buccolingual Section (Fig. 13.22A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.22B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.22C, 1 to 5)
			Midroot Cross Section (see Fig. 13.22C, 6 to 9)
		Mandibular Second Molar
			Buccolingual Section (see Fig. 13.23A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.23B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.23C, 1 to 5)
			Midroot Cross Section (see Fig. 13.23C, 6 to 9)
		Mandibular Third Molar
			Buccolingual Section (see Fig. 13.24A and D)
			Mesiodistal Section (see Fig. 13.24B and E)
			Cervical Cross Section (see Fig. 13.24C, 1 to 5)
			Midroot Cross Section (see Fig. 13.24C, 6 to 9)
	Radiographs: Pulp Chamber and Canals
	Crown and Root Fractures
		Relation of Posterior Root Apices to the Mandibular Canal
	Pretest Answers
14 - Dento-Osseous Structures, Blood Vessels, and Nerves
	Pretest Questions
	The Maxillae
		Anterior Surface
		Posterior Surface
		Orbital Surface
		Nasal Surface
		Zygomatic Process
		Frontal Process
		Palatine Process
		Alveolar Process
		Alveoli (Tooth Sockets)
		Maxillary Sinus
		Maxillary Articulation
	The Mandible
		Internal Surface of the Mandible
		Alveolar Process
		Alveoli
	Arterial Supply to the Teeth
		Internal Maxillary Artery
		Inferior Alveolar Artery
		Superior Alveolar Arteries
		Descending Palatine and Sphenopalatine Arteries
	Nerve Supply to the Jaws and Teeth
		Maxillary Nerve
		Mandibular Nerve
	Pretest Answers
15 - The Temporomandibular Joints, Teeth, and Muscles and Their Functions
	Pretest Questions
	Temporomandibular Articulation
		Mandibular Fossa
		Condyloid Process
		Joint Capsule
		Mandibular Ligaments
		Articular Disk
		Mandibular Positions
		Mandibular Movements
	Muscles
		Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
		Masseter Muscle
		Medial Pterygoid Muscle
		Temporalis Muscle
		Digastric Muscle
		Geniohyoid Muscle
		Tensor Tympani and Palatini Muscles
		Head and Neck Muscles
	Mandibular Movements and Muscle Activity
		Mandibular Opening
		Mandibular Closing
		Retrusion
		Protrusion
		Lateral Movements
		Chewing
		Swallowing
		Oral Motor Behavior
		Overview of Mastication
	Pretest Answers
16 - Occlusion
	Pretest Questions
	Concepts of Occlusion
	Development of the Dentitions
	Primary Dentition
		Overview of the Primary Occlusion
		Eruption Chronology of the Primary Teeth
		Mean Age of Eruption
		Contact Relations
		Primary Arch Form
		Interdental Spacing
		Primary Molar Relationships
		Effects of Terminal Plane Relationships
		Details of the Primary Occlusion
	Mixed (Transitional) Dentition
		Arch Dimensions and Tooth Size
		Arch Width
		Differences in Tooth Size
		Incisal Liability
	Permanent Dentition
		Dental Arch Form
		Overlap of the Teeth
		Curvatures of Occlusal Planes
		Inclination and Angulation of the Roots of the Teeth
		Functional Form of the Teeth at Incisal and Occlusal Thirds
		Facial and Lingual Relations of Each Tooth in One Arch to Its Antagonists in the Opposing Arch in Centric Occlusion
		Occlusal Contacts and Intercuspal Relations Between Arches
	Cusp, Fossa, and Marginal Ridge Relations
		Concept of 138 Points of Occlusal Contact
		Occlusal Contact Relations and Intercuspal Relations of the Teeth
		Movements Away from Centric/Eccentric Movements
		Lateral Movements
		Tooth Guidance
		Protrusive Movements
		Obtaining Centric Relation
		Retrusive Movements
	Lateral Occlusal Relations
		Occlusal Cycle in the Molar Areas During Right or Left Lateral Occlusal Relations
	Biomechanics of Chewing Function
		Protrusive Occlusal Relations
	Neurobehavioral Aspects of Occlusion
		Occlusal Stability
		Guidance of Occlusion
		Adaptation
		Occlusal Interferences
		Vertical Dimension
	Oral Motor Behavior
		Motivation
		Homeostasis
		Execution of Motor Behavior
	Swallowing
	Pretest Answers
17 - Clinical Application of Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion
	Pretest Questions
	Instrument Design/Usage Relating to Dental Anatomy
	Oral Surgery
	Periodontics
	Endodontics
	Restorative Dentistry
	Esthetics
	Variant Anatomy
	Occlusion
	Pretest Answers
A -
Review of Tooth Morphology
B -
Tooth Traits of the Permanent Dentition
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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