What’s in a Word? Studies in Phonosemantics

What’s in a Word?
Studies in Phonosemantics......Page 1
Acknowledgements......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
0. Abstract......Page 7
1.1 Conflicting Data......Page 8
1.2 Overview of Major Results......Page 10
1.3 Methods Employed......Page 15
1.4 Brief Outline......Page 17
2.1.1 The Ancients......Page 18
2.1.2 The 17th-19th Centuries......Page 20
2.2.2 Velemir Khlebnikov......Page 25
2.2.3 Leonard Bloomfield......Page 26
2.2.4 Psycholinguistic Experiments -- Sapir et al.......Page 27
2.2.7 African Ideophones -- Doke et al.......Page 28
2.2.8 John Rupert Firth......Page 29
2.3 Structuralism -- Saussure......Page 30
2.4.2 Ivan Fónagy......Page 32
2.4.3 Hans Marchand......Page 33
2.4.4 Suitbert Ertel......Page 34
2.4.6 Roman Jakobson......Page 35
2.4.8 Richard Rhodes & John Lawler......Page 37
2.4.10 Yakov Malkiel......Page 38
2.5 Research in the 1990’s......Page 39
3.1 Recapitulation of Basic Issues......Page 40
3.2. Classification Systems......Page 42
3.3. A Small Scale Example of the Phonosemantic Experiment......Page 46
3.4. Overview of the Experiments Conducted......Page 52
4.1.1 Methodology......Page 60
4.1.2 Example......Page 61
4.1.3.1 Overview......Page 63
4.1.3.2 Semantic Domains of the Consonants......Page 65
4.1.3.3 ‘Exceptional’ Words and Concrete Noun Classes:......Page 72
4.1.3.4 Theoretical Status of Senses and Phonesthemes......Page 79
4.1.3.5 The Positional Effect......Page 80
4.1.3.6 Summary of Results of Experiment 1 and Outline of Resultant Theories about Language......Page 82
4.2.1 Methodology......Page 84
4.2.2 Example......Page 85
4.2.3.1 Evidence this Experiment Provides for the Major Theses in this Dissertation......Page 87
4.2.3.2 Common Semantic Domains for /r/ in Second Position......Page 88
4.2.3.3 Characterizations of the Phonetic Features......Page 89
4.2.3.4 Characterizations of the Phonetic Features Sorted by Semantic Class......Page 90
4.3.2 Example......Page 92
4.3.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 93
4.4.2 Example......Page 96
4.4.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 97
4.5.1 Methodology......Page 100
4.5.2 Example......Page 101
4.5.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 104
4.6.2 Example......Page 107
4.6.3.2. Tendency for Labials to Appear Disproportionately in Certain Semantic Classes......Page 109
4.7.1 Methodology......Page 115
4.7.2 Example......Page 116
4.7.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 119
4.8.2 Example......Page 121
4.8.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 122
4.9.2 Example......Page 126
4.9.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 128
4.10.2 Example......Page 135
4.10.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 137
4.11.2 Example......Page 141
4.11.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 145
4.12.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 156
4.13.2 Example......Page 158
4.13.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 159
4.14.2 Example......Page 166
4.14.3 Discussion of Findings......Page 167
5.1.1 Informal Overview of the Empirical Facts......Page 172
5.1.2 The Paradox......Page 175
5.2.1 Structural Levels......Page 176
5.2.2.1 Iconism......Page 177
5.2.2.2 Classification......Page 178
5.2.2.3.1 Reference in General......Page 179
5.2.2.3.2 Concrete Reference......Page 180
5.2.3 Semantic Association......Page 181
5.2.4 Semantic Relations and Subcategorization......Page 182
5.3.2 Phonosemantic Association and Iconism......Page 184
5.3.3 Phonosemantic Association and Natural Classes......Page 185
5.3.4 Iconic Meaning and Syntagmatic Context......Page 186
5.3.5 Senses and Phonesthemes......Page 187
5.3.6 Basic Words and Senses......Page 188
5.5.3 Universals......Page 189
5.5.4 A Possible Mechanism by which Sound Shifts Interact with Phonosemantics......Page 190
5.5.5 Resolution to the Cratelean Paradox......Page 192
5.6 Future Research......Page 194
5.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 195
Endnotes......Page 196
Bibliography......Page 200
Appendix II
Positional Phonesthemes
/r/ in Second Position......Page 211
Appendix III
Phonosemantic Classifications
/b/ vs. an Arbitrary Sets of Words......Page 227
Appendix IV
Classifying Words Beginning with /l/
According to a Phonosemantic Classification
Devised for Words Containing /b/......Page 232
Appendix V
Verbs of Motion with the Legs
Walking, Running, Stepping and Jumping......Page 239
 Appendix VI
The Bias in the Labials......Page 241
Appendix VII
Words for Locations beginning with /b/ in Russian and English......Page 258
Appendix VIII
Positional Iconism......Page 261
Appendix IX
Reversal of Phoneme Order......Page 270
 Appendix X
/str/ Words......Page 304
Appendix XI
Invented Definitions for Nonsense Words......Page 317
Appendix XII
More Narrowly Limited Semantic Characterizations of Nonsense Words......Page 407
Appendix XIII
Words Invented to Match Definitions......Page 409
Appendix XIV
Words Invented to Match Pictures......Page 411