Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume II: Since 1500

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Maps......Page 13
Chronologies......Page 14
Documents......Page 15
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Introduction to Students of Western Civilization......Page 26
13. Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century......Page 28
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism......Page 29
The Early Luther......Page 30
Church and State......Page 32
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics......Page 33
The Zwinglian Reformation......Page 35
The Reformation in England......Page 37
John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism......Page 38
Religious Practices and Popular Culture......Page 39
The Society of Jesus......Page 40
A Revived Papacy......Page 42
The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)......Page 43
The England of Elizabeth......Page 44
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 47
14. Europe and the World: New Encounters, 1500–1800......Page 49
The Means for Expansion......Page 50
The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire......Page 51
Voyages to the New World......Page 52
The Spanish Empire in the New World......Page 53
Africa: The Slave Trade......Page 56
The West in Southeast Asia......Page 58
The French and British in India......Page 59
China......Page 61
Japan......Page 62
The Americas......Page 63
The Growth of Commercial Capitalism......Page 64
The Conquered......Page 65
The Conquerors......Page 66
Conclusion......Page 68
Notes......Page 69
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 70
15. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century......Page 71
The Witchcraft Craze......Page 72
The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe......Page 74
France: Foundations of Absolutism......Page 75
The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715)......Page 76
The Decline of Spain......Page 77
The German States......Page 78
Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power......Page 79
The Ottoman Empire......Page 81
The Limits of Absolutism......Page 82
England and the Emergence of the Constitutional Monarchy......Page 83
The Changing Face of Art......Page 87
A Wondrous Age of Theater......Page 89
Conclusion......Page 91
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 92
16. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science......Page 94
Renaissance Magic......Page 95
Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy......Page 96
Kepler......Page 97
Galileo......Page 98
Newton......Page 99
Vesalius......Page 100
Margaret Cavendish......Page 101
Debates on the Nature of Women......Page 102
Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind......Page 103
The Scientific Method......Page 104
Science and Society......Page 105
Science and Religion......Page 106
Conclusion......Page 107
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 108
17. The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment......Page 110
The Paths to Enlightenment......Page 111
The Philosophes and Their Ideas......Page 112
Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature......Page 118
Popular Culture......Page 121
Crime and Punishment......Page 122
Toleration and Religious Minorities......Page 123
Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century......Page 124
Conclusion......Page 125
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 126
18. The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change......Page 127
The Atlantic Seaboard States......Page 128
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe......Page 130
Wars and Diplomacy......Page 134
The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763)......Page 135
Population and Food......Page 137
European Industry......Page 138
The Social Order of the Eighteenth Century......Page 139
The Nobility......Page 140
The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities......Page 141
Conclusion......Page 142
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 143
19. A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon......Page 145
The War for Independence......Page 146
Social Structure of the Old Regime......Page 147
Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy......Page 148
From Estates-General to National Assembly......Page 149
Destruction of the Old Regime......Page 150
The Radical Revolution......Page 152
The Rise of Napoleon......Page 157
The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon......Page 158
Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response......Page 160
Conclusion......Page 163
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 164
20. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society......Page 165
Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization......Page 166
The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851......Page 169
Industrialization on the Continent......Page 170
Centers of Continental Industrialization......Page 171
The Industrial Revolution in the United States......Page 173
Limiting the Spread of Industrialization......Page 174
Population Growth......Page 175
The Growth of Cities......Page 176
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class......Page 177
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age......Page 178
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government......Page 180
Conclusion......Page 181
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 182
21. Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815–1850......Page 183
Conservative Domination......Page 184
Conservatives in the European States......Page 188
Liberalism......Page 189
Nationalism......Page 190
The Revolutions of 1830......Page 192
The Revolutions of 1848......Page 193
The Maturing of the United States......Page 195
The Characteristics of Romanticism......Page 196
Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature......Page 197
Romanticism in Art......Page 198
Conclusion......Page 199
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 200
22. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850–1871......Page 202
The Second Napoleonic Empire......Page 203
Foreign Policy: The Crimean War......Page 204
The Unification of Italy......Page 205
The Unification of Germany......Page 206
Nation Building and Reform: The National State in Mid-Century......Page 208
Imperial Russia......Page 209
Great Britain: The Victorian Age......Page 212
The Emergence of a Canadian Nation......Page 213
Marx and Marxism......Page 214
Charles Darwin and the Theory......Page 216
Realism in Literature......Page 217
Realism in Art......Page 218
Conclusion......Page 219
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 220
23. Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871–1894......Page 221
New Products......Page 222
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy......Page 223
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities......Page 225
Organizing the Working Classes......Page 226
Emigration......Page 227
Transformation of the Urban Environment......Page 228
The Social Structure of a Mass Society......Page 229
The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women......Page 231
Education in the Mass Society......Page 233
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy......Page 235
Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order......Page 237
Conclusion......Page 238
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 239
24. An Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894–1914......Page 241
Developments in the Sciences: A New Physics......Page 242
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis......Page 243
The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism......Page 244
The Culture of Modernity......Page 245
The Movement for Women’s Rights......Page 246
Jews in the European Nation-State......Page 248
Growing Tensions in Germany......Page 251
The Rise of the United States......Page 252
The Creation of Empires......Page 253
Responses to Imperialism......Page 256
International Rivalry and the Coming of War......Page 259
Crises in the Balkans, 1908–1913......Page 260
Conclusion......Page 262
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 263
25. The Beginning of the Twentieth–Century Crisis: War and Revolution......Page 264
Militarism......Page 265
The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914......Page 266
1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate......Page 267
1916–1917: The Great Slaughter......Page 268
The Widening of the War......Page 269
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War......Page 273
The Russian Revolution......Page 274
The Peace Settlement......Page 279
The Treaty of Versailles......Page 281
Conclusion......Page 282
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 283
26. The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919–1939......Page 285
The Hopeful Years, 1924–1929......Page 286
The Democratic States......Page 287
European States and the World: The Colonial Empires......Page 289
Fascist Italy......Page 290
Hitler and Nazi Germany......Page 291
The Soviet Union......Page 295
Authoritarian States......Page 297
The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure......Page 298
Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years......Page 299
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music......Page 300
The Unconscious in Psychology......Page 301
Conclusion......Page 302
Suggestions for Further Readings......Page 303
27. The Deepening European Crisis: World War II......Page 305
The Path to War in Europe, 1938–1939......Page 306
The Path to War in Asia......Page 308
Victory and Stalemate......Page 309
The War in Asia......Page 310
The Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943......Page 312
The Last Years of the War......Page 313
The Nazi Empire......Page 315
The Holocaust......Page 316
The New Order in Asia......Page 318
The Mobilization of Peoples......Page 319
Civilians on the Front Line: The Bombing of Cities......Page 321
Aftermath: Emergence of the Cold War......Page 322
The Yalta Conference......Page 323
The Potsdam Conference......Page 324
Conclusion......Page 325
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 326
28. Cold War and a New Western World, 1945–1973......Page 327
Confrontation of the Superpowers......Page 328
Globalization of the Cold War......Page 330
The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev......Page 332
Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain......Page 334
Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy......Page 335
Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity......Page 337
Africa: The Struggle for Independence......Page 338
Conflict in the Middle East......Page 339
Asia: Nationalism and Communism......Page 340
An Age of Upheaval: America in the 1960s......Page 342
The Structure of European Society......Page 343
Patterns New and Old:Women in the Postwar Western World......Page 344
Education and Student Revolt......Page 345
Postwar Literature......Page 346
The Revival of Religion......Page 347
The Explosion of Popular Culture......Page 348
Notes......Page 349
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 350
29. The Contemporary Western World Since 1973......Page 351
The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union......Page 352
Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and the Collapse of the Communist Order......Page 355
The Disintegration of Yugoslavia......Page 357
Western Europe: The Winds of Change......Page 359
The United States: Turmoil, Tranquillity, and Terrorism......Page 362
After the Cold War: New World Order or Age of Terrorism?......Page 364
The End of the Cold War......Page 365
New Directions and New Problems in Western Society......Page 366
Transformation in Women’s Lives......Page 367
Postmodern Thought......Page 368
Varieties of Religious Life......Page 369
Popular Culture: Image and Globalization......Page 370
Toward a Global Civilization?......Page 372
Suggestions for Further Reading......Page 373
Glossary......Page 376
Pronunciation Guide......Page 384
Credits......Page 394
Index......Page 396