Weatherization and Energy Efficiency Improvement for Existing Homes: An Engineering Approach

Front Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
About the Author......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2.1 Background......Page 23
1.2.2.2 France......Page 25
1.2.2.3 China......Page 27
1.2.2.5 Australia......Page 28
1.2.2.6 Tunisia......Page 29
1.3 Types of Energy Audits......Page 31
1.3.1 Walkthrough Audit......Page 32
1.3.3 Standard Energy Audit......Page 33
1.3.4 Detailed Energy Audit......Page 34
1.4 Characteristics of Existing U.S. Homes......Page 36
1.5 Summary......Page 46
2.1 Introduction......Page 47
2.2.1 Interest Rate......Page 48
2.2.2 Inflation Rate......Page 49
2.2.3 Tax Rate......Page 50
2.2.4 Cash Flows......Page 51
2.3.1 Single Payment......Page 52
2.3.2 Uniform Series Payment......Page 53
2.4.2 Rate of Return......Page 56
2.4.4 Discounted and Simple Payback Periods......Page 57
2.4.5 Summary of Economic Analysis Methods......Page 58
2.5 Life Cycle Cost Analysis Method......Page 60
2.6 General Procedure for an Economic Evaluation......Page 62
2.7 Summary......Page 63
Problems......Page 64
3.1 Introduction......Page 67
3.2.1 Heat Transfer Mechanisms......Page 68
3.2.2 Heat Transfer from Walls and Roofs......Page 69
3.2.3 R-Value Estimation Using Field Testing Method......Page 71
3.2.4 Air Infiltration Heat Loss/Gain......Page 74
3.2.5 Coupling between Air Infiltration and Heat Conduction......Page 79
3.2.6 Calculation of Building Load Coefficient......Page 81
3.3 Foundation Heat Transfer......Page 85
3.3.1 Soil Temperature Variation......Page 87
3.3.2 Building Foundation Insulation Configurations......Page 89
3.3.3 Simplified Calculation Method for Building Foundation Heat Loss/Gain......Page 92
3.4 Properties of Dry and Humid Air......Page 97
3.5 Thermal Comfort......Page 100
3.5.4 Franger’s Predicted Mean Value......Page 101
3.5.7 ASHRAE Comfort Standard......Page 102
3.6.1 Variable-Base Degree-Day Method......Page 104
3.6.2 Transient Thermal Network Analysis......Page 109
3.6.2.1 Overview of the RC Thermal Network Analysis Technique......Page 110
3.6.2.2 Procedure for Estimating Home Capacitance......Page 113
3.7 Whole Building Energy Models......Page 114
3.7.1.1 Steady-State Inverse Models......Page 116
3.7.1.2 Dynamic Models......Page 117
3.7.2.1 Steady-State Methods......Page 118
3.7.2.2 Dynamic Methods......Page 119
Problems......Page 122
4.1 Introduction......Page 127
4.2.1 Description of the Screening Approach......Page 128
4.2.2 Verification of the Screening Approach......Page 131
4.3.1 Application 1: Community-Scale Screening......Page 136
4.3.2 Application 2: Screening of Individual Homes......Page 138
4.4 Summary......Page 140
Problems......Page 141
5.1 Introduction......Page 145
5.2.1 Estimation of the Energy Use Savings......Page 146
5.2.2 Estimation of the BLC for the Building......Page 147
5.2.3.1 Erbs Method......Page 149
5.2.3.2 Shoenau and Kehrig Method......Page 150
5.2.3.3 Estimation of Heating Degree-Hours Associated with a Setback Temperature......Page 152
5.3.1 Insulation of Poorly Insulated Walls and Roofs......Page 153
5.3.2 Simplified Calculation Method for Building Foundation Heat Loss/Gain......Page 157
5.3.3 Window Improvements......Page 161
5.3.4 Reduction of Air Infiltration......Page 165
Problems......Page 169
6.2 Review of Basics......Page 173
6.2.1 Alternating Current Systems......Page 174
6.2.2 Power Quality......Page 177
6.3.2 Overview of Electrical Motors......Page 180
6.3.3.1 General Description......Page 182
6.3.3.2 Energy Savings Calculations......Page 183
6.4.1 Introduction......Page 185
6.4.2.1 High-Efficiency Fluorescent Lamps......Page 186
6.4.2.3 Electronic Ballasts......Page 187
6.4.2.4 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lamps......Page 188
6.4.3.1 Dimming Switches......Page 189
6.4.4 Daylighting Harvesting Systems......Page 190
6.5.2 Energy Efficiency Standards......Page 192
6.5.3 Standby Power Loads......Page 198
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 199
6.6.2 Electrical Wires......Page 201
6.7 Summary......Page 206
Problems......Page 207
7.1 Introduction......Page 209
7.2 Forced-Air Systems......Page 211
7.2.1 Psychrometic Analysis......Page 213
7.2.2 Ventilation......Page 216
7.2.3 Air Filters......Page 217
7.2.4 Duct Leakage......Page 218
7.2.5 Fan Operation......Page 219
7.2.6 Furnaces......Page 222
7.2.7 DX Cooling Systems......Page 223
7.2.8 Evaporative Coolers......Page 226
7.2.9.2 Energy Recovery Ventilators......Page 229
7.3.1 Hot Water Boilers......Page 230
7.3.2 Radiant Heating Systems......Page 235
7.3.3 Radiant Cooling Systems......Page 239
7.4.1 Conventional Ground Source Heat Pumps......Page 240
7.4.2 Thermoactive Foundations......Page 242
7.5 Indoor Temperature Controls......Page 244
7.6 Comparative Analysis of Heating and Cooling Systems......Page 245
Problems......Page 248
8.1 Introduction......Page 251
8.2.1 Water-Efficient Plumbing Fixtures......Page 252
8.2.1.3 Water-Saving Faucets......Page 253
8.2.1.4 Repair Water Leaks......Page 254
8.2.1.5 Water/Energy-Efficient Appliances......Page 255
8.2.2 Domestic Hot Water Usage......Page 257
8.3.1 Types of Water Heaters......Page 260
8.3.2 Distribution Systems......Page 264
8.4.1 Irrigation and Landscaping......Page 266
8.4.2 Wastewater Reuse......Page 268
Problems......Page 269
9.1 Introduction......Page 271
9.2.1 Sequential Search......Page 274
9.2.2 Genetic Algorithm......Page 275
9.2.4 Applications......Page 276
9.3 Renewable Energy Systems......Page 278
9.3.2 Solar Thermal Collectors......Page 279
9.4 Solar Domestic Hot Water Systems......Page 281
9.4.1 Solar Combisystems......Page 282
9.4.2.1 Grid-Connected PV Systems......Page 283
9.4.2.2 Photovoltaic/thermal Collectors......Page 285
9.5.1 General Methodology Description......Page 286
9.5.2 Case Study for ZNE Retrofit......Page 288
9.6 Guidelines for U.S. Home Retrofits......Page 290
9.7 Summary......Page 294
10.1 Introduction......Page 297
10.2 General Procedure......Page 298
10.3.2 Regression Analysis Models......Page 301
10.3.3 Detailed Computer Simulation Models......Page 303
10.3.4 Calibration Criteria......Page 311
10.4 Applications......Page 313
10.5 Uncertainty Analysis......Page 314
10.6.1 Background......Page 316
10.6.2 M&V Methods......Page 317
10.6.2.2 Whole Building Approach......Page 318
10.6.2.3 Temperature-Based Method......Page 319
10.6.2.4 Degree-Day-Based Method......Page 320
10.6.3 Selected Results......Page 322
10.6.4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 323
10.7 Summary......Page 324
11.1.1 Reporting for a Walkthrough Audit......Page 325
11.1.2 Reporting for a Standard Audit......Page 330
12.1.1 Building Description......Page 335
12.1.2.1 Building Envelope......Page 337
12.1.2.2 Appliances.......Page 338
12.1.3 Economic Analysis......Page 339
12.2.1 Architectural Characteristics......Page 340
12.2.3 Lighting and Appliances......Page 344
12.2.4 Utility Analysis......Page 345
12.2.5 Air Leakage Testing......Page 347
12.2.6 BLC Calculation and Analysis......Page 349
12.2.7 Energy Modeling......Page 350
12.2.8 Model Calibration......Page 351
12.2.9.2 ECM-2: Reduce Infiltration in the House......Page 353
12.2.9.6 ECM-6: Reduced DHW Demand......Page 354
12.2.10 Energy and Economical Analyses of ECMs......Page 355
12.2.11 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 356
Appendix A: Housing Archetypes......Page 359
Appendix B: Thermal Properties of Building Materials......Page 375
Appendix C: Heating and Cooling Degree Days (SI Units)......Page 389
Appendix D: Heating and Cooling Degree Days (IP Units)......Page 401
References......Page 413
Conversion Factors (Metric to English)......Page 423
Back Cover......Page 425