Waterflooding (Spe Textbook Series)

Cover......Page 1
Waterflooding......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
G. Paul Willhite......Page 5
SPE Textbook Series......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Introduction......Page 9
1.2 Development of Waterflooding......Page 11
1.3 Primary Production......Page 12
2.2 Fundamental Principles Governing Fluid and Rock Interactions......Page 15
2.3 Methods of Inferring Fluid Distributions in Porous Media......Page 21
2.4 Principles of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media......Page 30
2.5 Residual Oil Saturation......Page 42
2.6 Mobilization of Residual Oil......Page 51
3.2 Development of Equation Describing Multiphase Flow in Porous Media......Page 63
3.3 Steady-State Solutions to Fluid-Flow Equations in Linear Systems......Page 65
4.2 Fluid Flow Equations in 2D-Areal Displacement......Page 121
4.4 Correlations Developed From Scaled Laboratory Models-The CGM Model......Page 123
4.5 Streamtube Models......Page 130
4.6 Comparison of CGM and Streamtube Models for a Five-Spot Pattern......Page 138
4.7 Prediction of Areal Displacement by 2D Numerical Simulators......Page 139
4.8 Limitations of 2D Areal Simulators......Page 140
5.2 Two-Dimensional (2D) Displacement in Uniform Stratified Reservoirs-Layered Models......Page 149
5.3 Gravity Segregation and Crossflows in Linear Reservoirs......Page 153
5.4 Approximation of 2D Flow With Thickness-Averaged Properties......Page 156
5.5 Estimation of Vertical Displacement Efficiency With Scaled Laboratory Models......Page 167
5.6 Numerical Simulation of 2D Displacement in Linear Systems Including Gravity Segregation and/or Crossflow......Page 171
5.7 Viscous Fingering......Page 177
5.8 Estimating Waterflood Performance With 3D Models and Reservoir Simulators......Page 180
5.9 Summary......Page 186
6.3 Reservoir Description......Page 199
6.4 Selection of Potential Flooding Plans......Page 200
6.5 Injection Rates......Page 201
6.6 Estimation of Waterflood Performance......Page 214
7.2 Field Cases Illustrating the Importance of Reservoir Description......Page 235
7.3 Reservoir Description......Page 250
7.4 Depositional Environment for Sandstone Reservoirs......Page 251
7.5 Depositional Environment for Carbonate Reservoirs......Page 267
7.6 Development of a Reservoir Description......Page 279
Appendix A: Computer Programs......Page 313
Appendix B: Streamtube Parameters for Pattern Floods, Higgins-Leighton Streamtube Model......Page 322
Appendix C: Commonly Used Equations in Alternative Units......Page 325
Author Index......Page 326
Subject Index......Page 329