Water: Economics, Management and Demand

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 11
SECTION A  THE VALUE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION......Page 13
1  Introduction......Page 14
3  Values versus Prices......Page 15
4  Facts: Public failure and market failure......Page 16
4.1  Privatizing irrigation systems......Page 17
4.2  Water resource management and market failure......Page 18
5  Summing Up......Page 19
7  References......Page 20
1  Introduction......Page 22
2  Evolution of agriculture since 1955......Page 23
3.1  Comparison per type of crop......Page 24
4.2  Gross product before tax......Page 26
4.3  Production factor balance for additional agricultural commodities......Page 27
4.4.2  Distribution of value added......Page 28
5  Conclusions......Page 29
6  References......Page 30
2  South Africa’s difficult water situation......Page 31
3  Momentous changes to South Africa’s water law......Page 32
4  Growing competition for water and its future role as an economic good......Page 34
5  The history and unsettled future of irrigation in South Africa......Page 35
7  References......Page 37
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR WATER USED IN IRRIGATION IN ISRAEL......Page 38
2.1  Water supply......Page 39
2.3  Water suppliers......Page 40
3.1  Water cost......Page 41
3.2  Water tariff......Page 42
4  Future development......Page 43
5  Discussion......Page 44
6  References......Page 45
1  Introduction......Page 47
2.1.2  Comparaison entre volumes dérivés et besoins en eau des irrigations collectives......Page 48
2.2.1  Aspects qualitatifs......Page 49
2.3.1  Usages indirects correspondant à une activité économique......Page 50
2.3.2  Usages indirects environnementaux......Page 51
3.1  Simulation de divers scénarii de modernisation—l’exemple du Canal StJulien......Page 52
4  Conclusion......Page 53
1  Introduction......Page 55
2  Water resources In Kuwait......Page 56
5  References......Page 57
1  Introduction......Page 59
2.1  Agricultural production......Page 60
2.2  Livestock and aquatic production......Page 61
2.4  Domestic water supply......Page 62
3  Recognizing the rights of multiple users......Page 63
4  Implications for irrigation system design and management......Page 64
6  Acknowledgement......Page 65
7  References......Page 66
1  Introduction......Page 67
3  Irrigation practices......Page 68
4.1  Implementation of tailwater return systems......Page 69
4.2  Effect of salinity on crop yield and water value......Page 70
4.3  Implementation of low-volume irrigation systems......Page 71
6  References......Page 73
1  Introduction......Page 75
2  Materials & methods......Page 76
3  Results & discussion......Page 77
4  Summary & Conclusions......Page 80
5  References......Page 81
1  Introduction......Page 82
2  Objective and methods......Page 83
3  Model Irrigation Schemes......Page 84
3.2  Plovdiv Irrigation Scheme......Page 85
5  References......Page 86
1  Introduction......Page 88
2  From design to actual water distribution......Page 89
3.1  Farmers and PIPD interaction......Page 90
3.3  Interference strategies......Page 91
4.1  Deterioration of the canal or interference?......Page 92
4.2  Quantification of rents......Page 93
4.3  Economic value of rents......Page 94
6  References......Page 95
2  Value of water in irrigated agriculture......Page 97
2.1  Volume of water diverted for irrigation......Page 98
3  Full economic costs of water used in irrigation......Page 100
6  References......Page 101
SECTION B  THE VALUE OF DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL......Page 102
1  Introduction......Page 103
2.2  Intangible benefits......Page 105
3  Stress model......Page 106
5......Page 108
7  Acknowledgements......Page 109
8  References......Page 110
1  Introduction......Page 111
2  Physical situation......Page 112
3  Water management in the polder......Page 113
4.2  Optimisation model for water management in a polder......Page 114
5  Discussion......Page 117
6  References......Page 118
SECTION C  SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE OF WATER......Page 119
1  Introduction......Page 120
3  Resource allocation in the water environment......Page 121
5  The problem of planning......Page 123
6  An institutional approach......Page 124
8  Quasi-market mechanisms......Page 125
10  References......Page 127
1  Introduction and background......Page 129
2  The social environment of irrigation......Page 131
3.3  Food security......Page 132
4.  The modernization of irrigation......Page 133
5.1  Salinity, drainage disposal and return flows from irrigated areas......Page 134
6  Conclusion......Page 135
7  References......Page 136
1  Introduction......Page 137
2  Alentejo, a region with deep ingrained attitudes of symbolic value of water......Page 138
3  Requirement of new institutional decisions for management of water resources......Page 139
4  The case of Caia irrigation perimeter......Page 141
5  Conclusions......Page 142
6  References......Page 143
1  Introduction......Page 144
2.1.1  L’Etat......Page 145
2.1.2  L’Institution......Page 146
2.2.2  Une tarification......Page 147
2.2.3  Un engagement des agriculteurs......Page 148
2.3  Une tarification linéaire ne convient pas......Page 149
3  Comparaison d’une tarification non linéaire et d’un quota......Page 150
3.1  Comparaison théorique entre quota et tarification par paliers......Page 151
3.1.1  Tarification non linéaire ou quota. Quel instrument le mieux adapté à la gestion de l’eau dans le bassin versant de la Charente?......Page 152
5  Références......Page 153
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WATER IN PUBLIC IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF THE GUADALQUIVIR RIVER BASIN......Page 155
1  Introduction......Page 156
2  Unitary water allowances......Page 157
3  The cost of irrigation water......Page 158
4  Water productivity......Page 160
5  References......Page 162
1  Introduction......Page 164
2  The importance of mangroves......Page 165
3  The social, economic and environmental value of water in the Merbok Mangrove, Malaysia......Page 166
4  Financial returns to mangrove production systems......Page 168
5  Conclusions and implications......Page 170
6  References......Page 171
1  Introduction......Page 172
2  Background......Page 173
3.1  Case 1—Lower Moshi irrigation scheme......Page 175
3.2  Case 2—Kishisha/Fuka furrow......Page 176
4  Discussion and conclusions......Page 177
5  References......Page 178
SECTION D  PAYING FOR SERVICES......Page 180
1  Introduction......Page 181
2  Land Reclamation Consortia and their strategic role for irrigation......Page 182
3  Irrigation rates and costs......Page 183
4  Conclusions......Page 185
5  References......Page 186
1  Introduction......Page 187
2  Economic value of water......Page 188
3  Non-market values......Page 189
4  Reconciling market and non-market values for water......Page 190
6  Consultation not confrontation......Page 191
8  References......Page 192
PROBLEMS OF PAYMENT FOR WATER SERVICES IN RUSSIA......Page 194
WATER PRICING FOR IRRIGATION DURING THE TRANSITION TO MARKET ECONOMY IN BULGARIA......Page 198
1  Introduction......Page 199
2.2  Role of the preliminary assumptions......Page 200
2.3  Procedure for formulating the price of water......Page 201
3.1  Classification of irrigation systems......Page 202
3.3  Changes in the fixed rates per hectare......Page 203
5  Conclusions and recommendations......Page 204
1  Introduction......Page 206
2  Current irrigation operation and maintenance......Page 207
3  Future irrigation and drainage operation and maintenance......Page 208
6 The value of irrigation to landowners......Page 209
7.1  Irrigation......Page 210
8  Cost recovery mechanisms......Page 211
9  Conclusions......Page 212
10  References......Page 213
1  Introduction......Page 214
3  Cropping patterns......Page 215
3.1  Crop choice......Page 216
4.2  The effect of irrigation flat rate charges......Page 217
4.4  Water licences......Page 218
6  Water markets......Page 219
9  References......Page 220
SECTION E  MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS......Page 222
1  Introduction......Page 223
2.1  Objective function......Page 224
3.1  General......Page 225
3.2  Model performance......Page 228
4.1  General......Page 229
4.2  Results......Page 230
6  References......Page 231
1  Introduction......Page 232
2  Definitions of design management interactions......Page 233
3  System-wide design management interactions......Page 234
3.3  Water partition systems......Page 236
4.2  Actualising management......Page 237
6  Conclusion......Page 238
8  References......Page 240
1  Introduction......Page 242
2  Model description......Page 243
3  Model application......Page 245
4  Results and discussion......Page 246
7  References......Page 248
1  Introduction......Page 249
2  Valuation of the costs and benefits of low flow alleviation......Page 250
3.1  Overview......Page 251
3.2  The River Darent Study......Page 252
3.4  Low flow alleviation in the South West......Page 253
4.1  Benefit transfer......Page 254
5  Development and testing of a benefit transfer approach......Page 255
7  References......Page 256
1  Introduction......Page 257
2  The different variants used in water management policy......Page 258
4  Annual costs of individual themes......Page 259
5  Annual burden of costs per sector......Page 261
7  Indirect economic effects......Page 263
8  References......Page 264
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT IN DAGESTAN......Page 265
1  Water as an economic asset......Page 268
3  Valuation of water in dispute......Page 270
4  Collaboration between States......Page 271
5  Multilateral water arrangements......Page 272
6  Conclusions......Page 273
7  References......Page 274
SECTION F  POLICY FRAMEWORK LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES......Page 276
1  Introduction......Page 277
2  Economic regulation and water supply......Page 278
3  The economic regulation of irrigation and drainage......Page 280
3.1  Regulation and irrigation......Page 281
4  How is the price of water regulated around the world?......Page 282
6  References......Page 284
1  Introduction......Page 285
2.2  Benefits of demand management......Page 286
2.3  Efficiency......Page 287
2.4  Equity......Page 288
3.2  Enabling conditions......Page 289
3.4  Projects and programmes......Page 290
5  References......Page 291
1  The Mexico experience......Page 293
3  Participation, transfer, and demand management......Page 295
5  Impacts of participatory irrigation management......Page 296
6  Is PIM sustainable?......Page 298
7  Conclusions......Page 299
8  References......Page 300
1  Introduction......Page 301
2.1  Raising user fees......Page 302
2.3  Volumetric wholesaling......Page 303
3.2  Potential advantages......Page 304
3.3  Conditions for water markets......Page 305
4.1  Feasibility......Page 306
4.4  Final considerations......Page 307
5  References......Page 308
1  Introduction......Page 309
4  Wastewater fees......Page 310
5.2  Wastewater charges......Page 311
6  Administrative fees......Page 312
8  Water markets......Page 313
10  References......Page 314
1  Introduction......Page 315
3  Water resource management options......Page 316
3  Tradeable permits......Page 318
4  Organisation of a tradeable permit system......Page 319
5  Study area......Page 320
5  Views on tradeable permits......Page 321
6  Economic aspects of water as a traded commodity......Page 322
7  Conclusions......Page 323
8  References......Page 324
1  A basic conceptual framework for water as an economic good......Page 325
1.2  Irrigation......Page 326
2.1  Negative externalities......Page 328
2.2  Positive externalities......Page 329
2.3  Negligible externalities......Page 330
3.1  There must be a demand for reform......Page 331
3.2.1  Concerns about “the end of irrigated agriculture”......Page 332
3.2.3 Concerns about the impact on the poor......Page 333
3.2.4 Concerns that the environment will be neglected or damaged......Page 334
3.2.6 Discussion, debate and development of a consensus for reform......Page 335
3.3  Tailor the reforms to the reality of the problem......Page 336
3.4  Keep expectations reasonable......Page 337
3.5  Nothing succeeds like success......Page 338
3.7.1  Concerns with economic and employment effects in “areas of origin”......Page 339
3.7.2  Minimizing transactions costs......Page 340
4  Conclusions......Page 341
5  References......Page 342
1  What are Intersectoral Water Markets?......Page 345
2  Preconditions for Successful Intersectoral Water Markets......Page 346
3  Economic Rationale for Intersectoral Water Markets......Page 347
4  Experience with Intersectoral Water Markets in Chile and the USA......Page 348
5  Prospects for and Limits to Intersectoral Water Markets in Jordan......Page 349
6  References......Page 351
1  Introduction......Page 352
2  Linking water supply and agricultural production......Page 353
3.2  Impact of water supply adequacy and dependability on cropping pattern......Page 355
4.2  Developing tubewell water supply and demand curves......Page 357
4.3  Analysing supply and demand curves: strategy of tubewell water sellers, interlocked markets and the value of tubewell water......Page 358
5  Conclusion......Page 359
6  References......Page 360
1  Introduction......Page 361
2  Groundwater irrigation developments in South Asia......Page 362
3  The choice of technology and institution for groundwater development......Page 363
4  Irrigation service markets......Page 364
5  Conclusions......Page 365
6  References......Page 366
1  Introduction......Page 369
2  Impact of political changes......Page 371
3  Development strategy......Page 372
5  Conclusions......Page 374
7  References......Page 375
1  Introduction......Page 376
2.1  Generalities......Page 377
2.3  Quota......Page 378
3.1  A bit of history......Page 379
3.2  The irrigation system to date......Page 380
4.2  Quota......Page 382
4.3  Water markets......Page 383
5  Discussion and conclusion......Page 384
6  References......Page 385
1  Introduction......Page 386
2.1  Insecurity of water rights......Page 388
2.2  Financial shortfalls......Page 389
2.3  Rehabilitation......Page 390
2.4  Lack of financial and administrative management expertise......Page 391
3.2  Loss of technical capacity......Page 392
5  Government......Page 393
7  References......Page 394
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 396