Water Resources Systems of the Philippines: Modeling Studies (World Water Resources, 4)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Boxes
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Purpose, Science, and Art of Water Resources Modeling
	1.2 Status of Modeling Water Resources Systems of the Philippines
	1.3 Organization of this Book
	References
Chapter 2: Physical Features and State of Water Resources and Status of Water Governance in the Philippines
	2.1 Physical Features and State of Water Resources in the Philippines
		2.1.1 General Physiography, Climate, and Weather in the Philippines
		2.1.2 Water Resources Regions and Major River Basins in the Philippines
		2.1.3 Quantity and Quality of Surface and Groundwater Resources
		2.1.4 Water Use Demands and Water Permits
		2.1.5 Irrigation Services
		2.1.6 Flooding Issues and Concerns
		2.1.7 Design Level of Protection for Major Flood Control Projects
		2.1.8 Environmental Problems and Conditions
	2.2 Water Governance in the Philippines
		2.2.1 Current Water Governance and Institutional Arrangement
		2.2.2 National Water Policy
		2.2.3 Other Issues and Concerns on Water Governance in the Philippines
			2.2.3.1 Implementation of IWRM Approach and Land Use Planning
			2.2.3.2 Structure of Decision-Making
			2.2.3.3 Water Resources Planning Approach
	References
Chapter 3: Science and Art of Water Resources Modeling in the Philippines
	3.1 Linking Science, Policy, and Management Decisions with Decision Support System
	3.2 Models and Modeling Tools in Decision Support System
	3.3 Simulation and Optimization Models
	3.4 Sample Water Resources Optimization-Simulation Modeling Problems
		3.4.1 Determination of Water Supply Firm Yield
		3.4.2 Allowable Groundwater Withdrawal Rate
		3.4.3 Optimal Cropping Patterns for Effective Water Use
	3.5 Overview of Modeling Studies and Experiences
	References
Chapter 4: Surface and Groundwater Modeling for Water Utilization
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Watershed Model
		4.1.2 Groundwater Model
	4.2 Pampanga River Basin
		4.2.1 Watershed Delineation and Surface Water Modeling
		4.2.2 Groundwater Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Modeling
		4.2.3 Estimation of Surface Water and Groundwater Demands
		4.2.4 Surface Water and Groundwater Model Simulation Studies
	4.3 Agno River Basin and Vicinity
		4.3.1 Surface Water Modeling of Agno River Basin
		4.3.2 Groundwater Modeling of Agno River Basin
		4.3.3 Surface Water and Groundwater Demands
		4.3.4 Surface Water and Groundwater Model Simulation Studies
	References
Chapter 5: Reservoir Planning and Operations Studies with Optimization-Simulation Models
	5.1 Angat Reservoir System
		5.1.1 Angat Reservoir Optimization-Simulation Model
		5.1.2 Optimization-Simulation Scenarios
		5.1.3 Results of Optimization-Simulation Studies
	5.2 Angat Reservoir Monthly Allocation with Optimization-Simulation Model and Autoregressive Model to Forecast Inflows
		5.2.1 Existing Release Policy Using Storage Rule Curve
		5.2.2 Reservoir Optimization-Simulation Model
		5.2.3 Optimization-Simulation Runs with Historical Inflows
		5.2.4 Optimization-Simulation Runs with Forecasted Inflows
	5.3 Upper Agno River Basin Reservoir Operations Studies
		5.3.1 Ambuklao, Binga, and San Roque Reservoirs of the Upper Agno River Basin
		5.3.2 Assessment of Adequacy of Rainfall Sampling Network
		5.3.3 Upper Agno River Watershed Model
		5.3.4 Upper Agno Reservoir Optimization-Simulation Studies
		5.3.5 Reservoir Storage-Elevation Curve over the Years
		5.3.6 Results of Upper Agno Reservoir Optimization-Simulation Studies
		5.3.7 Optimization-Simulation of San Roque Dam Flood Operations During Typhoon Parma
			5.3.7.1 Typhoon Parma Track and Rainfall
			5.3.7.2 Extent of Flooding in Pangasinan
			5.3.7.3 San Roque Dam and Reservoir Operations
			5.3.7.4 Pre-emptive Reservoir Spillway Releases
		5.3.8 Some Discussions on Upper Agno Reservoir Operations
	5.4 Proposed Agos Reservoir System Optimization-Simulation Studies for Reliability Analysis and Project Sequencing and Staging
		5.4.1 Agos River Basin Watershed and River Network
		5.4.2 Alternative Water Resources System Configurations
		5.4.3 Agos River Basin Watershed Model
		5.4.4 Results of Optimization-Simulation Studies of Proposed Agos River Reservoir System
		5.4.5 Recommended Project Sequencing and Staging of the Agos River Reservoir System
	References
Chapter 6: Reservoir Sedimentation Studies
	6.1 Balog-Balog Reservoir Reliability and Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Single, High Dam Versus a Multiple Dam System
		6.1.1 Balog-Balog Multipurpose Project with Single, High Dam
		6.1.2 Balog-Balog Multiple Dam System
		6.1.3 Reservoir Optimization-Simulation Model and Watershed Modeling
		6.1.4 Comparison of Balog-Balog Multipurpose Project (BBMP) with Single, High Dam, Versus Balog-Balog Multiple Dam System (BBM...
	6.2 San Roque Reservoir Sedimentation and Operations Study Using a Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Model
		6.2.1 Two-Dimensional Flow and Sediment Hydraulic Model
		6.2.2 Watershed Flow and Sediment Yield Modeling
		6.2.3 Stochastic Rainfall Modeling
		6.2.4 Reservoir Simulation Scenarios
		6.2.5 Results of Reservoir Flow-Sediment Simulations
		6.2.6 Some Highlights of San Roque Flow-Sediment Modeling and Simulation Studies
	6.3 Pulangi Reservoir Sediment Flushing Studies with Two-Dimensional Hydraulic Model
		6.3.1 Reservoir Sedimentation and Sediment Flushing Operations
		6.3.2 Pulangi Reservoir Modeling for Sediment Flushing Operations
		6.3.3 Reservoir Inflow and Sediment Discharge Rating Curve
		6.3.4 Simulation Scenarios and Results of Sediment Flushing Studies
			6.3.4.1 Sediment Flushing Simulation Scenarios
			6.3.4.2 Discussion of Simulation Results
	References
Chapter 7: Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling for Bays and Lakes
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Manila Bay-Laguna Lake and Watershed System
	7.3 Brief Observation on Manila Bay-Laguna Lake Hydrodynamics
	7.4 Manila Bay-Laguna Lake Modeling
		7.4.1 Watershed Model of Manila Bay-Laguna Lake System
		7.4.2 Hydrodynamic Model of Manila Bay
		7.4.3 Hydraulic Model of Laguna Lake and Bataan-Pampanga-Bulacan Coastal Areas
		7.4.4 Advection-Dispersion Water Quality Model of Manila Bay and Laguna Lake
	7.5 Watershed Modeling and Streamflow Simulation
	7.6 Manila Bay Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Modeling and Simulations
	7.7 Laguna Lake 2-d Coupled Lake Flow-Salinity Modeling
	7.8 Other Water Quality Issues on Laguna Lake
		7.8.1 Lake Pollution Control and Effects on Fisheries
		7.8.2 Optimal Lake Use Zoning
	References
Chapter 8: Flood and Dam-Break Modeling Studies
	8.1 Influence of Storm Rainfall Movement in Pasac Delta Flooding
		8.1.1 One-Dimensional, Unsteady Flow, Network Modeling of Pasac Delta
		8.1.2 Stochastic, Space-Time Rainfall Modeling of Moving Storm
		8.1.3 Results of Pasac Delta Flooding with Moving Storm
		8.1.4 Brief Remarks on Pasac Delta Flooding with Moving Storm
	8.2 Flood Modeling of Marikina River Basin During Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009
		8.2.1 Pasig-Marikina River Basin Flood Calculations
		8.2.2 Suggestions for Holistic Flood Management in Pasig-Marikina River System
			8.2.2.1 Structural Measures
			8.2.2.2 Nonstructural Measures
	8.3 Assessment of Alternative Flood Control Plans for Cagayan de Oro River
		8.3.1 Watershed and Flood Inundation Modeling of the Cagayan de Oro River Basin
		8.3.2 Storm Rainfall and Computed Inflow Flood Hydrograph
		8.3.3 Alternative Flood Mitigation Plans for the Cagayan de Oro River
		8.3.4 Results of Flood Simulations of the Alternative Flood Mitigation Plans
		8.3.5 Remarks on Cagayan de Oro River Flood Mitigation Simulations
	8.4 Dam-Break Model Studies of a Dam Removal Problem and Butas Dam of Cavite Province with Flow and Sediment Movement
		8.4.1 Dam Removal Problem in a Rectangular Reservoir
		8.4.2 Dam-Break Simulation of Butas Dam of Cavite in September 2006
	References
Chapter 9: Pipe Network Distribution Modeling with Optimization
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Description of EPANET Model
	9.3 Enhancement of EPANET with COMPLEX Optimization
	9.4 Enhanced Model Capabilities
	9.5 Application of EPANET-Optimization Model for Model Calibration
	9.6 Brief Final Remarks
	References
Chapter 10: Reliability Studies of Reservoirs Under Climate Change
	10.1 Upper Agno Reservoir Operations with Climate Change
		10.1.1 2050 Climate Change Scenario
		10.1.2 Reliability Analysis of Upper Agno Reservoirs Under Climate Change
		10.1.3 Comparison of Hydropower Generation Between Existing and 2050 Climate Change Scenarios
		10.1.4 Other Issues and Challenges of the Upper Agno Reservoir Operations
			10.1.4.1 Present and Future Water Demand
			10.1.4.2 Water Supply and Demand Management
			10.1.4.3 Institutional Arrangement on Upper Agno Reservoir Operations
	10.2 Angat Reservoir Reliability Analysis with Climate Change and Future Reservoir Sedimentation
		10.2.1 Angat River Basin 2050 Climate Change Parameters
		10.2.2 Angat Reservoir Sedimentation in 2050
		10.2.3 Results of Angat Reservoir Operations Under 2050 Climate Change and Future Sedimentation
	References
Chapter 11: Modeling for Environmental Assessment Studies
	11.1 Subic Bay Hydrodynamic-Water Quality Modeling as a Tool for Developing Integrated Coastal Management Plan (ICMP)
		11.1.1 Subic Bay Hydrodynamic-Water Quality Model
		11.1.2 Major Components of the Subic Bay Hydrodynamic-Water Quality Model
			11.1.2.1 SWATCH Watershed Model
			11.1.2.2 Subic Bay Hydrodynamic Model by Princeton Ocean Model (POM)
			11.1.2.3 Subic Bay Two-Dimensional, Advection-Dispersion Water Quality Model
		11.1.3 Subic Bay Hydrodynamic-Water Quality Simulations
			11.1.3.1 Spatial Distribution of BOD Over Time
			11.1.3.2 Oil Spill Movement Simulation
	11.2 Risk of Polluting Novaliches Reservoir from Payatas Dumpsite Through Groundwater Contaminant Transport
		11.2.1 Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport Model with FEMWATER
		11.2.2 Groundwater Modeling of Novaliches Reservoir-Payatas Dumpsite
		11.2.3 Stochastic Modeling of Reservoir Levels and Rainfall Sequence
		11.2.4 Results of Groundwater Contaminant Transport Simulations
		11.2.5 Atmospheric Pollution Posing a Bigger Concern than Groundwater Contamination in Novaliches Reservoir
	References
Chapter 12: Imperatives of Water Resources Modeling and Applications in the Philippines
	12.1 Key Considerations in Modeling Water Resources Systems
		12.1.1 Modeling Approach: Scientific Versus Data Analytic Method
		12.1.2 Incorporating the Hydrologic, Geomorphologic, and Ecologic Interactions
	12.2 Monitoring and Data Needs for Future Modeling Efforts
	12.3 Science-Based Management and Decision Tools and Capacity Building
	12.4 Need for Sustainability Science and Transdisciplinary Approach for Sustainable Water Resources Development
		12.4.1 Holistic Water Resources Management
		12.4.2 Role of Sustainability Science
			12.4.2.1 Aim of Study
			12.4.2.2 Mode of Change
			12.4.2.3 Truth Verification
			12.4.2.4 Result of Research
			12.4.2.5 Expected Outcome
		12.4.3 Transdisciplinary Approach to Holistic Flood Risk Management
		12.4.4 Planning Horizon for Sustainable Development of Water Resources Systems: Case of Reservoir and Dam Projects
	12.5 On Building Urban Resilience to Water-Related Disasters
		12.5.1 Engineering Resilience
		12.5.2 Ecological Resilience
		12.5.3 Evolutionary Resilience
	References
Appendices
	Appendix A
		Sacramento Soil-Moisture Accounting Model
			Upper Zone Water Storages
			Lower Zone Water Storages
			Percolation
			Evapotranspiration
			Runoff Components
			Flow Routing Model
			Automatic Model Calibration by Rosenbrock Optimization
	References
	Appendix B
		WATPOW Model and COMPLEX Algorithm
			Brief Description of WATPOW Model
			COMPLEX Optimization Algorithm
	References
	Appendix C
		Coupled Solution of the Shallow Water and Advection-Dispersion Equations by Finite Volume Method
			Shallow Water and Advection-Dispersion Equations
			Finite Volume Method Formulation
			Normal Flux Estimation as a Riemann Problem
			Estimation of Normal Flux by Osher Scheme
	References
	Appendix D
		SWATCH Model and Components
			Rainfall
			Infiltration, Excess Rainfall, and Retention Storage
			Soil Moisture Accounting in the Root Zone
			Evapotranspiration
			Interflow Zone and Interflow Discharge
			Groundwater Recharge and Stream-Aquifer Return Flows
			Overland Flow and Channel Flow Routing
	References