Water Resources of Italy: Protection, Use and Control (World Water Resources, 5)

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
Part I: Evolution of Water Management in Italy
	Chapter 1: Italy’s Outline
		1.1 Geographic Characteristics
		1.2 Geological Characteristics
		1.3 The Climate
		1.4 The Natural Surface Water
		1.5 The Aquifers
		1.6 Population of Italy
		1.7 Economic Aspects
		1.8 Italy and Europe
		1.9 Italy and the Mediterranean
		References
	Chapter 2: Paradigm Change in Water Resources Development in Italy
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Basic Concepts of Water Systems and Water Services
		2.3 Evolution of Paradigms at Various Stages of Water Development
		2.4 Water Resources Exploitation for Human Needs and Economic Growth
			2.4.1 Irrigation in the Po Valley
			2.4.2 Reclamation of Marshes
			2.4.3 Apulian Aqueduct
			2.4.4 Improving Drinking Water Supply Schemes
			2.4.5 Hydroelectric Power
			2.4.6 Complex Water Systems in Southern Italy
			2.4.7 The Italian Patrimony of Dams
		2.5 Focus on Water Resources Quality Improvement and Defence from Water-Related Disasters
		2.6 Towards an Integrated Sustainable and Equitable Water Resources Management
		2.7 Latest Controversial Trends
		References
	Chapter 3: Evolution of Water Legislation
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Early Development of Water Legislation in Italy
			3.2.1 Laws Till 1989
			3.2.2 Law 183/1989
		3.3 Development of Water Legislation in Italy After 1989
			3.3.1 Legislation Following Law 183/1989
			3.3.2 Urban Water Service Management
			3.3.3 Productive Water Uses
			3.3.4 Water Pollution Control and Water Quality Protection
			3.3.5 Soil Conservation and Flood Risk Mitigation
			3.3.6 Drought Management
			3.3.7 Rules on Water Works
		3.4 Significant Innovations in the Development of Water Laws
			3.4.1 Shift in Basic Principles
			3.4.2 Towards a Sustainable Water Resources Management
			3.4.3 Towards an Improved Information Access and Stakeholders’ Participation
		3.5 Lights and Shadows of Italian Water Legislation
		References
	Chapter 4: Institutional Framework of Water Governance
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Roles and Responsibilities in Water Governance at National Level
		4.3 Roles and Responsibilities in Water Governance at Subnational Level
		4.4 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part II: Water Resources and Water Demands
	Chapter 5: Conventional Water Resources
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Basic Data for a Water Resources Assessment
		5.3 Former Estimates of Surface Water Resources
			5.3.1 Natural Surface Resources
			5.3.2 Potential Surface Resources
			5.3.3 Usable Surface Resources
		5.4 Groundwater Estimates
		5.5 Updated Estimates of Italian Water Resources
		5.6 Expected Modifications Due to Climate Change
		5.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Assessment of Non-conventional Water Resources
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Desalinated Water
		6.3 Treated Wastewater
			6.3.1 Strength and Weakness of Reuse
			6.3.2 Reuse Projects for Irrigation and Industrial Purposes
		6.4 Perspectives of Wastewater Reuse in Italy
		6.5 Potential Reuse for Irrigation in Sicily
		6.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Assessment of Water Requirements
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Urban Water Services
		7.3 Agricultural Water Requirements
			7.3.1 Agriculture in Italy
			7.3.2 Irrigation Requirements
			7.3.3 Irrigation for Frost Prevention
			7.3.4 New Irrigation Possibilities
			7.3.5 Water for Animal Farming
			7.3.6 Water for Aquaculture
		7.4 Water for Industry
		7.5 Water for Electricity
			7.5.1 Electricity Demand in Italy
			7.5.2 The Hydropower
			7.5.3 Water and Thermal Power
		7.6 Secondary Uses of Water
			7.6.1 Inland Navigation
			7.6.2 Preservation of Monuments, Amenities and Touristic Resorts
		7.7 Conclusions
		References
Part III: Problems
	Chapter 8: Management of Municipal Water Services
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Evolution of the Regulatory Framework in Urban Water Services
		8.3 Infrastructures for Water Supply
		8.4 Infrastructures for Drainage and Treatment of Wastewater
			8.4.1 Sewage Network
			8.4.2 Treatment Plants
		8.5 Problems and Challenges of Urban Water Services
			8.5.1 Infrastructural Investments
			8.5.2 Tariff Charging for the Integrated Water Service
			8.5.3 Use of New Technologies
			8.5.4 Smart Metering
			8.5.5 Big Data Management
			8.5.6 New Wireless Technologies for Data Transmission
			8.5.7 Partitioning of the Water Networks
			8.5.8 Reducing Losses of Water and Energy
			8.5.9 Water Safety Plan
			8.5.10 Purification of Drinking Water
			8.5.11 Urban Meteoric Water Reuse
			8.5.12 Treatment of Wastewater
			8.5.13 Energy Production
			8.5.14 Online Sensors
			8.5.15 No-Dig Techniques
		8.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 9: Water Pollution Control
		9.1 Water Quality Problems in Italy
		9.2 Operation Tools
		9.3 Pollution Sources
			9.3.1 Urban Pollution
			9.3.2 Agricultural Pollution
			9.3.3 Industrial Pollution
		9.4 Actual Situation
		9.5 Remarkable Cases
			9.5.1 Monitoring the River Po
			9.5.2 The River Tiber in the Urban Stretches of Rome
			9.5.3 Venice and Venetian Lagoon
			9.5.4 Groundwater Pollution in Apulia
		9.6 Conclusive Remarks
		References
	Chapter 10: Ecological In-Stream Flows
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Methods to Estimate Minimum In-Stream Flow (MIF)
			10.2.1 Empirical or Regional Methods
			10.2.2 Biological Methods
			10.2.3 Hydrological Methods
		10.3 Evolution of the Italian Legislation on the Minimum In-Stream Flow
			10.3.1 Minimum In-Stream Flow in River Basin Planning (Law 183/1989 and DPCM 4/3/1996)
			10.3.2 Minimum In-Stream Flow in the Laws on Water Quality Protection (DLgs 152/1999 e DLgs 152/2006)
			10.3.3 Minimum In-Stream in the Water Rights Rules for Diversion Permits (Updating of RD 1775/1933)
			10.3.4 Technical Procedures to Determine the Minimum In-Stream Flow and the Discharge Downstream from Intakes
			10.3.5 Guidelines on MIF Definition Issued by the Ministry of Environment in 2004
		10.4 The Ecological Flow
			10.4.1 The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/CE and the European Guidelines (CIS Guidance Document n. 31/2015)
			10.4.2 The Guidelines on Ecological Flow Issued for Italy
		10.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
Part IV: Challenges
	Chapter 11: Flood Risk Reduction
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Basic Concepts and Types of Flood Risk
		11.3 Main Flood Disasters in Italy After the State Unification
		11.4 A Summarized History of the Flood Mitigation Policy
		11.5 Mapping and Assessment of Flood Hazard and Flood Risk
		11.6 Expected Trends of Flood Risk Mitigation
		11.7 Key Approach to Improve Flood Management
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 12: Coping with Droughts
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Principles of Drought Management
		12.3 Drought Risk Management: International and European Recommendations
		12.4 Drought Mitigation Measures
		12.5 Role of Drought Monitoring
		12.6 Legislation Framework to Cope with Drought in Italy
		12.7 Severe Drought Events in Italy in the Last Century
			12.7.1 Drought of 1921
			12.7.2 Drought of 1938
			12.7.3 Drought of Years 1988–1990
			12.7.4 Drought of 2017 in Various Italian Rivers
			12.7.5 Droughts in the Po River Basin in the Last 20 Years
			12.7.6 Italian Droughts Versus European Droughts
		12.8 Lessons Learnt from Recent Droughts in Italy
		12.9 Water Shortage Risk Assessment
		12.10 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 13: The Water-Food Nexus in Italy: A Virtual Water Perspective
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 The Virtual Water Balance of Italy
			13.2.1 Virtual Water Volumes
			13.2.2 Virtual Water Balance in Time (1961–2013)
			13.2.3 The Blue Virtual Water Balance
		13.3 Italy Within the Virtual Water Trade Network
			13.3.1 Materials and Method
			13.3.2 Results
		13.4 High-Resolution Crop Water Footprint
			13.4.1 Crops Under Consideration
			13.4.2 Materials and Methods
			13.4.3 Results
		13.5 Concluding Remarks
		References
	Chapter 14: Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change for Water Resources Management
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Climate Change Assessments
		14.3 Italian Adaptation Strategy
		14.4 Italian Adaptation Plan to Climate Change
		14.5 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Conclusions
	Chapter 15: The Future of Water Management in Italy
		15.1 Paradigm Evolution
		15.2 Strengths of Italian Water Development
		15.3 Weaknesses of the Italian Experience
		15.4 Key Issues of an Agenda for the Future
		15.5 Concluding Remarks
		References