Water Resources Management and Sustainability: Solutions for Arid Regions

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Hydrological Monitoring
1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydrological Monitoring, Helpful Tools for Accurate Models
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Methods
	1.3 Results and Discussion
	1.4 Conclusions
	References
2 Automatic Extraction of Surface Water Bodies from High-Resolution Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery Using GIS and Deep Learning Techniques in Dubai
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Methods
		2.2.1 Study Area
		2.2.2 Input Data
		2.2.3 Training Data of the Deep Learning Model
		2.2.4 Load Model Architecture
		2.2.5 Train the Model Through Learning Rate Tuning and Transfer Learning
		2.2.6 Test Time Augmentation
		2.2.7 Accuracy Assessment
	2.3 Results and Discussion
		2.3.1 Confidence Threshold and Accuracy of Water Bodies Dataset
		2.3.2 Confusion Matrix
		2.3.3 False Positives
		2.3.4 Cartography Enhancement
		2.3.5 Validate the Extracted Water Body Layer Against Reference Layers
		2.3.6 Water Bodies Layer Dissemination
	2.4 Conclusions
	References
Part II Rainfall and Floods
3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs to Model Water Balance Components in Sandy Soils
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Methods
		3.2.1 Assumption of Gravity-Driven Infiltration (GD)
		3.2.2 One Non-linear Reservoir
		3.2.3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Water Content Profiles for Constant Rainfall Intensity
		3.3.2 Mass Water Balance
		3.3.3 Effect of Number of Reservoirs
		3.3.4 Comparison Between the GD Solution and the Richards Equation
		3.3.5 Water Content Profiles for Variable Rainfall Intensity
	3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
4 Flood Mapping and Assessment During Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in Cagayan, Philippines Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Images
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Study Area and Methodology
		4.2.1 Description of Study Area
		4.2.2 Satellite Data
		4.2.3 Flooded Area Determination
		4.2.4 Standing Crops Analysis
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Quantification of Flooded Area
		4.3.2 Affected Rice Area Analysis
	4.4 Conclusions
	References
5 Trends in Annual Maximum Flood Data in New South Wales Australia
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Methods
		5.2.1 Selection of AMF Data for Trend Analysis
		5.2.2 Trend Analysis
	5.3 Results and Discussion
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 The Impact of Flash Floods on the Extreme Functioning of Undeveloped Basins: Case of the Srou Catchment (March 2010 Flood) (Oum Er-Rbia Basin, Morocco)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Presentation Du Domaine D’etude
	6.3 Climatic and Hydrological Framework
		6.3.1 Development of Rainfall Characteristics
		6.3.2 Monthly Flow Coefficient of Wadi Srou (1975–2016)
	6.4 Material and Methodology
		6.4.1 Extraction of Floods from Instantaneous References
	6.5 Results and Discussion
		6.5.1 Extraction of Floods Form Instantaneous References of the Srou Catchment (1975–2015)
		6.5.2 Instantaneous Flood Recorded in 2010
		6.5.3 2010 Spring Flood Analysis
		6.5.4 Flood Survey 2010 in Chacha Namalleh and Aval Lahri Station in m3/s
	6.6 Conclusions
	References
7 Analysis of Non-stationary Return Levels Using Extreme Daily Rainfall for Surat City, India
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Methods
		7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection
		7.2.2 Methodology
	7.3 Result and Discussion
		7.3.1 Trend Analysis
		7.3.2 Detection of Non-stationarity in the Time Series
		7.3.3 The Selection of Best Non-stationary Model
		7.3.4 Model Diagnosis of the Selected GEV Models
	7.4 Stationary and Non-stationary Return Levels
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Part III Droughts
8 Analysis of Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Part of Slovakia Using Standardized Precipitation Index
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Material and Methods
	8.3 Results and Discussion
	8.4 Conclusions
	References
9 Low Flow in the Oued El Abid Basin (Morocco): Better Understand It to Better Manage It (Oum Errbia Basin—Morocco)
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Methods
	9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.3.1 The Appearance of Low Water Levels in the Oued El Abid Basin
		9.3.2 Analysis of the Variability of CNds in the Watershed of Oued El Abid Upstream of the Bin El Ouidane Dam
		9.3.3 Frequency Analysis of CNds in the Oued El Abid Watershed
		9.3.4 Usefulness of VCNds for Managers
	9.4 Conclusion
	Bibliography
Part IV Groundwater
10 Development of Long Short-Term Memory Model for Prediction of Water Table Depth in United Arab Emirates
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Materials and Methodology
	10.3 Results and Discussion
	10.4 Conclusion
	References
11 Assessment and Management of Seawater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer Due to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Materials and Methods
		11.2.1 Study Area and Boundary Conditions
		11.2.2 Numerical Model
	11.3 Results
		11.3.1 Current Situation of SWI in Gaza Aquifer
		11.3.2 Numerical Model Verification
		11.3.3 Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Gaza in Response to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise
		11.3.4 Management of SWI in Wadi Gaza
	11.4 Discussions
	11.5 Conclusions
	References
12 Analysis of a Joint Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interventions on Groundwater Depletion in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Aim
	12.2 Aim
		12.2.1 Methods
		12.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Characteristics of Climate Parameters
		12.3.2 Climate Condition
		12.3.3 Results Related to Groundwater
		12.3.4 Regulatory Framework
	12.4 Conclusions
	References
13 Modeling and Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Geoinformatics and Artificial Neural Networks in Al Ain City, UAE
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Methodology
		13.2.1 Data Processing
		13.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks
		13.2.3 Mapping and Visualization
	13.3 Results and Discussion
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
14 Factors Influencing the Site Selection Criteria for Efficient Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System in Saline Regions
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Methods
	14.3 Results and Discussion
		14.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity and Hydraulic Gradient
		14.3.2 Aquifer Thickness
		14.3.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersivity
		14.3.4 Density Difference
	14.4 Conclusions
	References
15 Estimation of Groundwater Resources According to Watershed and Groundwater Divide
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Methods
		15.2.1 Selected MASCH
		15.2.2 Fundamentals RENATA Code
	15.3 Results and Discussion
		15.3.1 RENATA Code Application
		15.3.2 Recharge Distribution According to the Watershed and the Groundwater Divides
	15.4 Conclusions
	References
16 CFD Analysis of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Based 3-D Printed Solar Receiver
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Mathematical Modelling
	16.3 Results and Discussion
	16.4 Conclusions
	References
17 Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in UAE Using GIS-Based Hydrogeological Modeling
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Hydrogeological Setting
	17.3 Materials and Methods
	17.4 Results and Discussion
	17.5 Conclusion
	References
18 Trihalomethane Species Development in Drinking Water
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Methods
		18.2.1 Sources of Water Samples
		18.2.2 Experimental Procedure
		18.2.3 Analytical Methods
	18.3 Results and Discussion
	18.4 Conclusions
	References
19 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-arid Regions of India
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Methods
	19.3 Results and Discussion
		19.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting
		19.3.2 Rooftop and Storm Water Harvesting in Urban Area
		19.3.3 Sustainable Environmental Technology to Harvest Rainwater in Rural Area
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
Part V Water Quality
20 Soil Erosion Prioritization of Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan Using Multiple Approaches in a GIS Environment
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Study Area
	20.3 Data and Methods
		20.3.1 Morphometric Analysis
		20.3.2 Prioritization by Land Use/Land Cover (LULC)
	20.4 Results and Discussion
		20.4.1 Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis
		20.4.2 Prioritization Based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC)
	20.5 Conclusions
	Appendix 1: Methodology Adopted for Computation of Morphometric Parameters
	Appendix 2: Morphometric Parameters of YRB
	Appendix 3: The Morphometric Parameters of Sub-watersheds in YRB
	References
21 Effects of Leachate from Osisioma Open Dumpsite in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria on Surrounding Borehole Water Quality
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Description of the Study Area
	21.2 Methods
		21.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques
		21.2.2 Groundwater and Leachate Sample Collection and Analysis
		21.2.3 Statistical Analysis
	21.3 Results and Discussion
		21.3.1 Physiochemical and Microbiological Parameters Concentration with Distance from the Dumpsite
		21.3.2 Concentration Variation in Physiochemical Parameters of Sampled Boreholes and Leachate
		21.3.3 Concentration Variation in Chemical (Heavy Metals) Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate
		21.3.4 Concentration Variation in Microbiological Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate
		21.3.5 Relationship Between Sampled Borehole Water and W.H.O. Water Quality Standard
	21.4 Conclusion
	References
22 Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Principal Component and Cluster Analysis
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		22.2.1 Properties of Principal Component
		22.2.2 Guidelines When to Use the Principal Component Method of Factor Analysis?
		22.2.3 Application of Principal Component Analysis
		22.2.4 PCA Applicability to Groundwater Geochemistry Data
	22.3 Cluster Analysis
		22.3.1 Requirements of Clustering in Data Mining
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
23 Sediment Assessment of Medjerda High Valley Dams (Tunisia) Using PISA Model
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Study Area
	23.3 Methodology
	23.4 Results
		23.4.1 Inputs Preparation
		23.4.2 Model Application
	23.5 Discussion
	23.6 Conclusions
	References
24 Impact Assessment of Inland Desalination Units on Groundwater Quality and Levels in Kuwait
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Methodology
	24.3 Results and Discussion
		24.3.1 Brine Disposal
	24.4 Conclusions
	References
Part VI Water Resources Management
25 Model for Optimal Regional Wastewater Systems Planning with Uncertain Wastewater Treatment Capacity
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Optimization Model
	25.3 Solution Method
		25.3.1 Model Application
	25.4 Results
	25.5 Conclusions
	References
26 Cyber-Physical System for Improving Building Water Use Efficiency
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Methods
		26.2.1 Operation of the Prototype and Stakeholder Engagement
		26.2.2 Deployment and Data Collection
	26.3 Results and Discussion
		26.3.1 Potential Savings in a Scaled-Up Deployment
	26.4 Conclusions
	References
27 Measures Against Climatic Changes for Ghana’s Volta River Basin
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Objectives
	27.3 Methodology
	27.4 Results
	27.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
	References
28 Contribution to Implementing a Fair Water and Energy Exchange Between Israel and Jordan
	28.1 Introduction
	28.2 Methods
		28.2.1 Water Production, Including Offshore Desalination at the Israeli Coastline
		28.2.2 Water Transport and Regional Strategies
		28.2.3 Renewable Energy Production by Photovoltaics (PV) in Jordan
		28.2.4 Calculation of Water and Energy Amounts for Fair Swapping
	28.3 Results and Discussion
	28.4 Conclusions and Next Steps Towards Implementation
	References
29 Hydroeconomic Groundwater Model for Managing Multi-salinity Aquifers in Arid Regions
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Methods
		29.2.1 Theoretical Framework
	29.3 Results and Discussion
	29.4 Conclusions
	References
30 A Review of the Applications of Nanomaterials to Augment Solar Still Productivity
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Bibliometric Analysis
	30.3 The Main Components of the Solar Still
	30.4 Techniques to Enhance the Solar Still Performance
	30.5 Applications of Nanomaterials in Solar Still
	30.6 Conclusions
	References