Water Resources in the Mediterranean Region

Front Matter
Copyright
List of contributors
Foreword
	Water resources in the Mediterranean region: The challenge of the 21st century
Introduction
	Knowledge of fluxes
	Remote sensing for water resources
	Governing water resources
	Models for water resources management
	Climate scenarios
Hydrological cycle, Mediterranean basins hydrology
	Introduction
	Mediterranean catchments
		Boundary of the Mediterranean region
		Mediterranean catchments draining toward the Mediterranean Sea
	Physical characteristics
		Topography
		Geology
		Landcover
		Lithology
		Soil
		Karst
	Hydro-climatic characteristics
		Precipitation seasonality
		Stochastic characteristics of Mediterranean wet and dry periods
	Annual water balance of Mediterranean catchments
	Flood events
	Droughts
	Discussion, conclusion, and perspectives
	Color legend and characteristics of Fig. 1.2
	Catchments hydrological characteristics table of Fig. 1.3D
	References
	Further reading
Evapotranspiration in the Mediterranean region
	Context: Evapotranspiration estimation as a main component of sustainable water management in the Mediterranean region
		ET as an estimate of the water demand for crop and natural ecosystems
		Actual ET and management issues
		Evapotranspiration as a key issue in the natural environment and groundwater
	Evapotranspiration as a link between the water and energy cycles
		The main drivers of ET: Climate, water, and plants
		ET in the water budget
		ET in the energy budget
	Specificities of evapotranspiration processes in the Mediterranean
		Plant scale: Complex canopies, sparse vegetation, and the competition for water and radiation
		Soil processes: Vapor transfer, crusting, etc
		Atmospheric processes: Oasis effects at a range of scales
	Regional evapotranspiration and its challenges
		The increasing availability of remote sensing data and their use in computing ET
		Water balance pathway and its pitfalls
		Energy balance pathway and its issues
	Case studies
		Rainfed olive yards: An emblematic agrosystem of the Mediterranean
		Regional water use in a mixed dry/irrigated agricultural landscape
		Irrigation scheduling at the plot scale in the Tensift region (Morocco)
		Mediterranean forest
		Evapotranspiration from various ecosystems in the Crau area (SE France)
	Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
Mountain hydrology in the Mediterranean region
	Introduction
	State of the art, current research needs and challenges for the future
		Observed trends of climatic drivers and hydrological descriptors
		Projections of future climate scenarios on mountain areas
		Major scientific questions to be solved
	Major approaches to address key questions in mountain hydrology
		Modeling approaches and significant scales: Requirements and constraints
		Systematic on-site data collection of relevant variables: Pros and cons from the research and operational sides
		Experimental research catchments: The advantages of an integrated approach
		Remote sensing: Consolidated role and promising opportunities of monitoring
	Applications of major approaches in representative locations in the Mediterranean region
		Monitoring snowpacks in Mediterranean mountains
		The role of vegetation in mountain hydrology
		Energy balance components in Mediterranean high mountains and impact on streamflow
	From research to decision-making: Needs and challenges for the cogeneration of operational services
		Monitoring systems
		Forecasting systems
		Adaptation to future climate scenarios
	Relevant mountain areas in other Mediterranean-like regions in the world
	Key points and main conclusions
	References
Irrigation and water governance
	Introduction
	The making of Mediterranean irrigation
		Traditional irrigation
		The hydraulic mission of the 20th century
		The emergence of a groundwater economy
	Irrigation and the water cycle
		Open and closed basins in the Mediterranean
		Water-saving technology in irrigation. A second hydraulic mission?
		Nonconventional water resources for irrigation
		Adaptation to climate change: anything but degrowth
	Modes of water governance
		Water, irrigation, and the state
		Water user associations and participatory water management
			Irrigation schemes
			Collective management of groundwater
			River basin management
			A trend toward corporatization
	Conclusions
	References
Water reuse: A resource for Mediterranean agriculture
	Introduction
	Water's second life for agriculture
		Definitions and qualities of water reuse
		Key regional trends and figures
			Morocco
			Jordan
			France
			Algeria
	The governance of wastewater reuse: Regulations, policies, and politics
		A comparative overview of regulatory frameworks
		From regulations to policies
		Beyond optimization: The politics of treated water reuse projects
	Field issues related to sustainable water reuse
		Irrigation technologies and reuse practices
			Design and management of irrigation systems
		Environmental, agro-systems, sanitary and risk aspects
			Environmental impacts
			Impacts on plants
			Health impacts
		Cost-effective risk management in wastewater use systems
	Main conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Remote sensing
	Introduction
	Observing terrestrial variables from space
		Vegetation
		Soil
		Evapotranspiration and fluorescence
		Data assimilation
	Applications
		Integration of satellite-derived terrestrial variables into models
			Joint assimilation of LAI and surface soil moisture
			Impact on river discharge simulations
			Toward the assessment of severe conditions over the Mediterranean basin
		High spatial resolution products
			Surface soil moisture
			Mapping and monitoring irrigation
	Main conclusions
	References
Modeling for integrated water resources management in the Mediterranean region
	State of the art
		Integrated water resources management
		Issues of integrated modeling
			Spatial, temporal, and physical scales
			Data issue
			Model complexity
			Uncertainty
			Sensitivity, calibration, and validation
			Scenario
			Tools
	An analysis of the research situation in the Mediterranean context
		Main goals of integrated modeling for DSS
		Modeling approaches and decision process
			Integrated modeling
			Involvement of stakeholders and decision process
	Two examples in the Mediterranean context
		Using remote sensing imagery for IWRM: The example of the Haouz-Mejjate aquifer in Morocco
			The Haouz-Mejjate context
			Using remote sensing imagery to estimate evapotranspiration
			Using remote sensing imagery to simulate cropping scenarios
			Combined impact of climate change and land cover change
			Conclusion
		Managing pollutants and erosion in Tunisia with the SWAT model
			The Ichkeul Lake and Joumine watershed
			Simulation of sediment production and diffuse pollution
			Sensitivity analysis and calibration of the hydrological model
			Best management practices scenarios
			Conclusion
	Conclusion
	References
Floods in the Mediterranean area: The role of soil moisture and precipitation
	Introduction
	Floods in the Mediterranean regions, hydro-meteorological variables, and triggering factors
	Monitoring and modeling floods in the Mediterranean area: The usefulness of rainfall and soil moisture observations  ...
		Rainfall
			Rain gauges and radars
				Use of rain gauges and radars for FFs and flood forecasting
			Satellite-based rainfall estimates
				Use of satellite-based precipitation products for flood modeling
			Numerical weather predictions (NWP)
				Use of NWP for flood and FFs forecasting
		Soil moisture
			Ground-based soil moisture observations
			Land surface modeling
			Satellite-based soil moisture observations
			Use of soil moisture observations for improving flood predictions: Data assimilation
	Flash flood guidance (FFG)
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Droughts
	Introduction
	State of the art
		Importance of droughts in the Mediterranean region from historical point of view
		Spatio-temporal variability, mechanisms, and recent trends in climatic droughts
		Hydrological droughts: Physical and human drivers
		Drought planning and management
	Drought tools and indices
		Methods used for drought quantification (climate, hydrological, remote sensing indices)
		Operative tools for drought early warning and management
	Drought impact assessment
		Agricultural impacts
		Environmental impacts
		Ecological and hydrological impacts
	Integral assessment of the 2017 drought event over Spain: Evidence, impacts, and management strategies
	Concluding remarks
	References
	Further reading
Land-use change and impacts
	Introduction
	State of the art
		Recent land-use changes in the Mediterranean region
		Hydrological impacts of land-use changes
			Hydrological impact of revegetation on formerly cultivated lands
			Hydrological impact of the expansion of irrigated land, tourism and urban development
		Land-use change and water management
			Forest management at the watershed scale
			Water use and management
	Description of the main methodologies used to assess the hydrological impact of land-use changes
		Field observations, measurements, and experiments at different spatial scales
		Hydrological modeling
	Applications
		Case 1: Small scale. Field observation in small catchments: Comparing flood events under different farmland-aband ...
		Case 2: Medium scale. Physical modeling: Using SWAT to assess the effect of land cover on the provision of hydrol ...
		Case 3: Large scale. Statistical modeling: Assessing land-cover changes and recent hydrological evolution at the  ...
	Main conclusions
	References
Evolution of wetlands in Mediterranean region
	Introduction
	State of the art, in the context of the Mediterranean region
		Surface area of Mediterranean wetlands: current situation and trends
		Biodiversity of Mediterranean wetlands: current situation and trends
		Land use in and around Mediterranean wetlands: current situation and trends
		Water and Mediterranean wetlands: Current situation and trends
			Open water surface extent
			Pressures on wetlands: water quality, water abstraction
		Ecosystem services provided by Med Wetlands
	Description of the main methodologies to analyze the considered problems
		Status and trends of Mediterranean wetland habitats
			Land use/land cover in and around Mediterranean wetlands
			The WET index
		Biodiversity of Mediterranean wetlands: LPI, IUCN Red Lists, International Waterbird Census
		Water in wetlands
			Open water surface extent
			Other dimensions of water monitoring
		Ecosystem services
	Main conclusions
	References
Scientific committee
Index
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